Basic Biogeography

acidic activities agricultural animals approach areas associated become birch Britain British brown cause changes chemical Class clay climatic complex cover crop cycle described detailed determine dominant early ecological ecosystem effect energy environment environmental established example exist factors field fire flora forest frequently further gley grass grazing ground growing growth horizon humus important increase influence insect land layer less limit loss material measure methods mountain native natural nutrients oakwoods occur operate organic particularly pattern peat period pest pine plant podzol pollen population present problem produce reach recent reference region relatively result seedlings similar slopes soil species spread stage stands structure succession surface Table tree tree-line types unit upland usually variations various vegetation whilst wood woodland zone