Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, Volume 2; Volume 19, Part 1

absorption addition allow alloy angle Appl applications atoms band bandgap beam broadening cause coefficients components composition concentration constant cooling cross section crystal curve defects dependent deposits depth determined developed diffraction diffusion direction discussed dislocation distribution effect electron elements employed energy error et al example excitation experimental factor field function give given grain heat important impurities increasing intensity iron laser lattice layer less magnetic material measurements Metals method Mössbauer needed neighbor observed obtained occur optical peak phase photoluminescence Phys plane position possible powder problem produce properties range rays recently recombination region relative residual stress sample semiconductors shift shown Society solid spacing specimen spectra spectrum sputtering steel strain structure studies substrate surface target technique temperature term thickness values variation x-ray