EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"John assists his father and mother."

281. And is a CONJUNCTION, a word chiefly used to connect words and sentences COPULATIVE; it connects father and mother.

Mother is a NOUN; it is a name COMMON; it is a general name -FEMININE GENDER; it is the name of a female THIRD PERSON; it is spoken of-SINGULAR NUMBER; it means but one and it is one of the objects of assists, and is, therefore, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and connected with father by the conjunction and, according to

RULE XI. Conjunctions usually connect verbs of the same mood and tense, and nouns or pronouns of the same case.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

"I will reward him and them at some future time."

"We in vain (1.) look for a path between virtue and vice." Reproof either hardens or softens its object."

"In the morning of life, we eagerly pursue pleasure, but oftentimes meet (2.) with sad disappointments."

"A good scholar never mutters nor disobeys his instructer."

"She reads well, dances (3.) ele-
gantly, and plays admirably
on the piano-forte."
"Intemperance destroys the mind
and benumbs the senses of
man."

"You may read this sentence
first, and then parse it."
"He has equal knowledge, but
inferior judgment.'
"John rises early in the morning,
and pursues his studies."

XVIII. OF INTERJECTIONS.

Q. When I exclaim, "Oh! I have ruined my friend," "Alas! I fear for life," which words here appear to be thrown in between the sentences, to express passion or feeling?

282. Oh! Alas!

Q. What does interjection mean?

283. Thrown between.

Q. What name, then, shall we give such words as oh! alas ! &c.? 284. INTERJECTIONS.

Q. What, then, are interjections?

285. Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of sentences, to express the passions or sudden feelings of the speaker.

(1.) In vain means the same as vainly. It may, therefore, be called an adverbial phrase, qualifying look, by Rule IX.

(2.) Meet agrees with we understood, and is, therefore, connected with pursue by the conjunction but, according to Rule XI.

(3.) Dances and plays both agree with she, understood, and are, therefore, connected the former with reads, and the latter with dances, by Rule XI.

VIST OF INTERJECTIONS.

1. Of earniness or grief; as, “O! oh! alas! ah!"
Of wonder; as, "Really! strange!"
of calling; as, "Halloo! ho! hem!"
4. Of attention; as, "Behold! lo! hark!"
5. Of disgust; as, "Foh! fy! fudge! away!

6. Of silence; as,

66

7. Of contempt; as,

Hush! hist!"

66 Pish! tush!"

8. Of saluting; as, "Welcome! hail!"

y!"

Q. Will you examine the foregoing list, and then name an interjection of grief? One of wonder? One of calling? One of attention? One of disgust? One of silence? One of saluting?

Q. How may an interjection generally be known?

286. By its taking an exclamation point after it.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"Oh! I have alienated my friend."

287. Oh is an INTERJECTION, a word used to express passion or feeling.

The remaining words are parsed as before.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

"Oh! I must go and see (1.) my dear father before (2.) he dies." "We eagerly pursue pleasure, but, alas! we often mistake the road to its (3.) enjoyment."

"Strange!
you."

I did not know

"Hush! our instructer is at the door."

"Fy! how angry he is!"

(1.) The sense is, "I must go, and I must see;" the verb see, then, agrees with I, understood, and is, therefore, connected with must go, according to Rule XI.

(2.) Before, an adverb.

(3.) Apply, first, Rule V.; then, Rule I.

RECAPITULATION.

CRITICAL REMARKS.

COMPOSITION.

XIX. ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

288. ENGLISH GRAMMAR teaches us to speak and write the English language correctly.

289. GRAMMAR is divided into four parts, namely,

290. 1. ORTHOGRAPHY,

2. ETYMOLOGY,

3. SYNTAX,

4. PROSODY.

XX. OF ORTHOGRAPHY.

291. ORTHOGRAPHY includes a knowledge of the nature and power of letters, and teaches how to spell words correctly. This part of grammar is usually learned from spelling-books and dictionaries.

292. Orthography means word-making, or spelling.

XXI. OF ETYMOLOGY.

293. ETYMOLOGY teaches how to form, from all the words in the English language, several grand divisions or sorts, commonly called Parts of Speech.

294. It includes a knowledge of the meaning and use of words also their different changes and derivations. 295. Etymology signifies the origin or pedigree of words.

XIX. What does English grammar teach? 2883.

Into how many parts is it divided? 289.
What are they? 290.

XX. What does orthography include and teach? 291.

How is a knowledge of orthography usually obtained? 291.

What does orthography mean? 292.
XXI. What does etymology teach? 202
What does it include? 294.

What does the word signify? 295.

(41)

XXII. OF SYNTAX.

296. SYNTAX teaches how to arrange or form words into sentences correctly.

297. It includes a knowledge of the rules of composition, formed from the practice of the best writers and speakers.

298. Syntax signifies arranging or placing together; or, as used in grammar, sentence-making.

XXIII. ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX COMBINED.

299. The words of the English language are usually divided into nine sorts, commonly called Parts of Speech, namely,

300. A noun is the name of any person, place or thing; as, man, London, knife.

301. Nouns are of two kinds, proper and common.

COMMON nouns are general names; that is, they are names common to all individuals of the same kind or sort; as, house, city, river.

302. PROPER nouns are particular names; that is, they are the names of particular individuals of the same kind or sort; as, George, Boston, Mississippi.

303. When proper names have an article placed before them, they are used as common names; as, "He is the Cicero of his age.

301. When a proper noun admits of a plural, it becomes a common noun;

XXII. What does syntax teach? 296.
What does it include ? 297.

What does the word signify? 298. XXIII. How many different sorts of words are there? 299.

What are they? 299.

What are these sorts of words commonly called? 299.

XXIV. What does the word noun mean ?*

What is a noun ? 300. Give an exam. ple.

How many different kinds of nouns are there, and what are they? 301.

31.

What does the word common mean?

What is a common noun ? 301. Give an example.

What does proper mean? 34.

What is a proper noun ? 302. Give an example.

When proper nouns have an article before them, how are they used? 303. Give an example.

Are proper names used as such in the plural? 304.

Why cannot proper names have a plural? 304.

See 1. ist answer.

as, "The twelve Cesars," or, "The seven Jameses." This is obvious from the fact, that a proper name is, in its nature, descriptive of one object only, and, therefore, essentially singular. Accordingly, the nouns Spaniard, European, American, &c. are common nouns, as well as their plurals, Spaniards, Europeans, Americans, &c.*

305. Common nouns may also be used to signify individuals, by the addition of articles or pronouns; as, .66 The boy is studious;" "That girl is discreet."

306. When a noun signifies many, it is called a noun of multitude, or a collective noun; as, "The people," "The army.'

307. Abstract signifies taken from: hence an abstract noun is the name of a quality abstracted from its substance; as, knowledge, goodness, virtue, &c. 308. To nouns belong person, gender, number and case.

XXV. PERSON.

309. When any person, in speaking, introduces his own name, it is the first person; as, "I, James, of the city of Boston, do give," &c.

310. The name of the person spoken to, is the second person; as, "James, come to me."

311. The name of the person or thing spoken of, or about, is the third person; as, "James has come.'

XXVI. GENDER.

312. Gender is the distinction of sex.

313. Nouns have four genders-the masculine, the feminine, the common, and the neuter.

314. The masculine gender denotes the names of males; as man, boy, &c.

315. The feminine gender denotes the names of females; as, woman, girl.

What do they become when so used? 304. Give an example.

What kind of nouns are Spaniard, Americans, Spaniards? 304.

What effect does the use of articles have on common nouns? 305.

What is a noun of multitude, or a col¡ective noun ? 306. Give an example.

What is an abstract noun ? 307. Give an example.

What belong to nouns? 308.

XXV. When is a noun of the first perBon? 309. Give an example.

When is a noun of the second person? 310. Give an example.

When is a noun of the third person? 311. Give an example.

XXVI. What does the word gender mean? 14.

What is gender as applied to nouns?

312.

What does the word asculine mean?15. What does the masculine gender of nouns denote? 314. Give an example. What does feminine mean? 19. What does the feminine gender denote? 315. Give an example.

*Spain is the proper name of a country, and Spaniard has, by some grammarians, been called the proper name of a people; but the latter is a generic term, characterizing any one of a great number of persons, in heir connexion with Spain.-Encyclopædia.