XXXIII.

COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

386. Compound personal pronouns are formed by adding the word self, in the plural selves, to the simple pronouns; as, himself, themselves, &c.

Pronouns must agree with the nouns for which they stand, in gender, number and person.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"John found his knife.”

387. John is a PROPER NOUN, of the MASCULINE GENDER, the THIRD PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, and NOMINATIVE CASE to found, by RULE VI.

Found is an ACTIVE-TRANSITIVE VERB, in the INDICATIVE MOOD, IMPERFECT TENSE-"1. I found; 2. You found; 3. He or John found"-made in the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with John, by RULE VII.

His is a rERSONAL PRONOUN, of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, MASCULINE GENDER, and agrees with John, according to RULE V.; in the POSSESSIVE CASE, and governed by knife, by RULE I.

Knife is a COMMON NOUN, of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, NEUTER GENDER, the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by found, according to RULE VIII.

Of what number and person is mine? ours? me? we? they? thine? you?

yours? 127.

Of what gender, number and person is he? she? it?

Of what number, person and case is they? ours? his? hers? mine?

In what style were mine and thine formerly used? 385.

XXXIII. How are the compound personal pronouns formed? 386.

What is the rule for the agreement of personal pronouns in the phrase," John found his knife ?" V.

How do you parse John? 387. Will you parse John in the phrase, "John found his knife ?" 387.

Will you parse found? his? knife? 387.

The learner should next parse the re maining exercises in Syntax from the book and then take the exercises to be written.

EXERCISES TO BE WRITTEN.

Q. Will you compose two sentences, each having a different personal pronoun of the first person? One, having a pronoun of the first person plural ?

Q. Will you fill up the following sentences with suitable pronouns, so as to make sense? lost my hat, but found again."

66

to get her lesson."

Harriet have book, for will need travellers lost - way, and the boys conducted Q. Will you

homes."

"Let

"The

fill up the following broken sentences with suitable

words to make sense? "Intemperance

66

evil." Washington

father of his

inhabitants." "The

man."

XXXIV. OF ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS.

388. In the sentence, "Both wealth and poverty are temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent;" you perceive that the word that represents wealth, and the word this poverty. This and that do, therefore, resemble pronouns, and may, for this reason, be called pronouns.

389. When I say, "This house is mine, that barn is yours," the words this and that are joined to nouns like adjectives, to define or specify them: they may, on this account, be called adjectives.

390. Adjective pronouns, then, are words that resemble both pronouns and adjectives. These pronouns are sometimes called pronominal adjectives, or specifying adjectives.

391. The ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS may be divided into three sorts the distributive, the demonstrative, and the indefinite. 392. The distributive are those that relate to persons or things, taken separately and singly.

393. DISTRIBUTIVE (1.) PRONOUNS.

EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and sometimes NEITHER.

394. EACH relates to two or more persons or things, taken separately; as, "Each of his brothers is doing well."

395. EVERY relates to several persons or things, and signifies each one of them, taken separately; as, Every man must account for himself." 396. EITHER relates to two persons or things only, taken separately, and signifies the one or the other; as, "I have not seen either." Hence, to say, "Either of the three," is incorrect.

397. NEITHER means not either; that is, not one nor the other; as, "Neither of my friends was there."

398. The DEMONSTRATIVE (2.) PRONOUNS are those which precisely point out the things to which they relate.

99. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

400. This and these refer to the nearest persons or things,-that and those to the most distant; as, "These gloves are superior to those.' "Both wealth and poverty are temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent." 401. The INDEFINITE are those that refer to things in an indefinite or general manner.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Another

402. SOME, OTHER, ANY, ONE, ALL, SUCH, NONE. Of these pronouns, one and other are declined like nouns. declined in the singular, but it wants the plural.

We say,

"This book," but, "These books;" also, "One man,"

Twenty men:" hence,

405. NOTE I. Adjective pronouns and numerals must agree in number with the nouns to which they belong.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"These two books belong to me."

406. These is an ADJECTIVE PRONOUN of the DEMONSTRATIVE kind, in the PLURAL NUMBER, and belongs to books, according to NOTE I. Two is a NUMERAL ADJective, and belongs to books, by NOTE I. Books, belong, &c. are parsed as before.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

Every man performs his part in

creation."

"Each man arrived at his station."
"Either party can repair the in-
jury."
"Some

66

persons cannot acquire

wealth."

Many people obtain riches with apparently little exertion."

"One boy labors for his improve

ment."

"This man neglects his affairs."

"These men might remain with us."

"Those men make many pretences to religion."

"All rational beings desire happiness.'

"By application almost any boy
may acquire an honorable
rank in his class."
"Good and virtuous men will,
sooner (1.) or later (1.), attain
to happiness."

"The old bird feeds her young ones."

407. Ones is an INDEFINITE PRONOUN, representing birds; in the COMMON GENDER, THIRD PERSON PLURAL, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by feeds, agreeably to RULE VIII.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED.

"One boy influences many others."
"None act their part too well."
"Some scholars study diligently;

others spend their time in idleness; the former will receive praise, the latter censure.'

We cannot say, "Them run," but, "They run :" hence, NOTE II. When a noun or pronoun is the subject of the verb, it should be in the nominative case.

It is very common for persons in conversation to say, "Them books," "Them knives," &c. instead of " Those books,' 66 Those knives," &c. The incorrectness here alluded to consists in substituting a personal in the place of an adjective pronoun: hence,

NOTE III. The pronoun them should not be used in the place of these or those.

In the phrase, "These two books," &c. will you parse these? two? 406.

Will you now take the book, and parse the remaining exercises under Note I.? In the phrase, "The old bird feeds her young ones," will you parse ones? 407.

Will you correct by Note I. the following examples, as I read them to you?

"He will not come this two hours." "I dislike those sort of books." "I have two canes; you may have any of them."

Bring me them pens."

"Which of them three things do you prefer?"

The pupil may next take the exercises to be written.

(1.) Adverb

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Q. Will you compose two sentences, each having a different adjective pronoun? One, having a demonstrative pronoun? One, having an indefinite pronoun used as a noun ?

Q. Will you fill up with pronouns suitable to make sense the following phrases? "When Harriet found book, and then flung

- away."

66 -man likes

farm,

tore merchandise."

->

Q. Will you compose a proper example under Rule I.? One under Rule II.? Rule III.? Rule IV.? Rule V.? Rule VI.?

XXXV. OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

408. In the sentence, "That man is happy, who lives virtuously," the word who is a pronoun, because it stands for a noun (the noun man), and it is a relative, because it relates or refers to this noun in the same sentence: hence, 409. A relative pronoun is a word that usually stands for some noun before it in the same sentence.

410. There are three relative pronouns, viz.

411. WHO, WHICH, and THAT.

412. Who is used in speaking of persons; as, "The man who came.

413. Which is used in speaking of animals or things; as, "The bird which sings," "The tree which I planted.”

414. Which, however, is used in speaking of persons, when we wish to distinguish one of two individuals, or a particular person among many others; as, "Which of the two is he?" Which of them has gone?"

415. That, as a relative, is often used, in speaking either of persons or things, in the place of who or which; as,

"The boy that reads," or, "The boy who reads;" "The bird that flew, or, The bird which flew;" "The bench that was made, "The bench which was made."

or,

That is used in preference to who or which, in the following cases: 1. In speaking both of persons and things; as, "The man and the beast that I saw, perished."

2. In speaking of children; as, "The child that I met." 3. After the adjective same; as, "He is the same man that we saw yesterday."

4. After the superlative degree; as, "He is the wisest man that the world ever produced."

5. After the relative who; as, "Who that reflects."

415-1. EXCEPTION. That, as a relative, cannot take the preposition immediately before it ; as, "He is the same man with that you were acquainted." For with that, read with whom. It is remarkable, however, that, when the arrangement is a little varied, the word that admits the preposition; as, "He is the same man that you were acquainted with."

XXXV. In the sentence, "That man is happy, who lives virtuously," what part of speech is who? Why? 408. What kind? Why? 408.

What is a relative pronoun? 409.
Will you name them? 411.

When do we use who? Give an example. 412.

When do we use which? Give an example. 413.

In what cases do we use which, in

speaking of persons? Give an example. 414

When may that be used? 415.

Is it correct to say, "The child who?" Why not?" The same man who?" Why not? "The wisest man which?" Why not? "Who, who reflects ?" Why not? 415; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

What exception is mentioned? 415-1. Give an example. 415-1.