grace and musical expression on parts of his masques and interludes which could hardly have been expected from his massive and ponderous hand. In some of his songs he equals Carew and Herrick in picturesque images, and in portraying the fascinations of love. A taste for nature is strongly displayed in his fine lines on Penshurst, that ancient seat of the Sidneys. His prose, especially the Discoveries, is distinguished by admirable judgment, critical insight, and force and purity of diction. To Celia-from 'The Forest.' And I'll not look for wine. The thirst that from the soul doth rise, But might I of Jove's nectar sup, I sent thee late a rosy wreath, It could not withered be. But thou thereon didst only breathe, And sent'st it back to me; Since when, it grows, and smells, I swear, Richard Cumberland was surprised to find that Jonson's famous song was based on the Greek of Philostratus; and Gifford was surprised at his surprise. But the fact is seldom sufficiently remembered; and nobody who does not look up the Greek will believe how close the noble English lyric is to the florid prose of the Greek sophist, Philostratus of Lemnos, who lived about 170-250 A.D. He is probably best known in England by his Life of Apollonius of Tyana, part of which was translated and annotated by Charles Blount, the freethinker, in 1680, and issued as a freethinking attack on Christianity. Other works were Lives of the Sophists, sixty-four Imagines, a Heroicus, and twenty-four epistles, mostly amatory and full of ingenious but strained conceits. These letters, mostly quite short, are variously arranged; but in three of the epistles (Nos. 24, 30, and 31 in some old editions; in Kayser's ed., Teubner, 1870-71, Nos. 33, 2, and 46) occur the following sentences, providing the ideas of the first half of the first verse, and of both halves of verse 2 (there is no close parallel for the second part of verse 1): Ἐμοὶ δε μόνοις πρέπινε τοῖς ὄμμασιν, ὧν καὶ ο Ζεὺς γευσάμενος οινοχόον παρεστήσατο. εἰ δὲ βούλει, τὸν μὲν οἶνον μὴ παραπόλλυς, μόνου δὲ ἐμβαλοῦσα ὕδατος καὶ τοῖς χείλεσι προσφέρο ουσα πλήρου φιλημάτων τὸ ἔκπωμα καὶ οὕτως δίδου τοῖς δεομένοις. Πέπομφά σοι στέφανον ῥόδων, οὐ σὲ τιμῶν, καὶ τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ, ἀλλ' αὐτοῖς τι χαριζόμενος τοῖς ῥόδοις, ἵνα μὴ μαρανθῇ. εἰ δὲ βούλει τι φίλῳ χαρίζεσθαι, τὰ λείψαντα αὐτῶν ἀντίπεμψον μηκέτι πνέοντα ῥόδων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ σοῦ. The Sweet Neglect-from 'Epicone, or The Silent Woman.' [From the Latin of Jean Bonnefons, French erotic poet, 1554-1614.] Still to be neat, still to be drest, As you were going to a feast ; Still to be powdered, still perfumed : Though art's hid causes are not found, To Celia-from 'Volpone.' Come, my Celia, let us prove He at length our good will sever: These have crimes accounted been. State in wonted manner keep: Heaven to clear when day did close; Lay thy bow of pearl apart, And thy crystal shining quiver: Space to breathe, how short soever; Yet let it like an odour rise To all the senses here, And fall like sleep upon their eyes, Or music in their ear. Song-from 'Underwoods.' Oh, do not wanton with those eyes, Lest I be sick with seeing; Nor cast them down, but let them rise, Oh, be not angry with those fires, For then my hopes will spill me. Oh, do not steep them in thy tears, Nor spread them as distraught with fears; An Epitaph on Salathiel Pavy, a Child of Queen Weep with me, all you that read This little story: And know, for whom a tear you shed Death's self is sorry. 'Twas a child that so did thrive In grace and feature, As heaven and nature seem'd to strive Which own'd the creature. Years he number'd scarce thirteen When fates turn'd cruel, Yet three fill'd zodiacs had he been And did act, what now we moan, As, sooth, the Parcæ thought him one, So by error to his fate They all consented; But viewing him since, alas too late! And have sought, to give new birth, But being so much too good for earth, The Triumph of Charis, See the chariot at hand here of Love, Each that draws is a swan or a dove, And well the car Love guideth. As she goes, all hearts do duty Unto her beauty; And enamour'd do wish, so they might That they still were to run by her side, Through swords, through seas, whither she would ride. Do but look on her eyes, they do light Do but look on her hair, it is bright As alone there triumphs to the life All the gain, all the good of the elements' strife. Have you seen but a bright lily grow, Before rude hands have touch'd it? Have you mark'd but the fall o' the snow Before the soil hath smutch'd it? Or have smelt o' the bud of the briar? Or have tasted the bag of the bee? O so white! O so soft! O so sweet is she! Epigram. To my Bookseller. Who scarce can spell th' hard names; whose knight less can. Send it to Bucklers-bury, there 'twill well. Epigram.-To Dr Donne. Donne, the delight of Phoebus and each Muse, Who to thy one all other brains refuse; Whose every work of thy most early wit Came forth example, and remains so yet: Whom I adore so much, should so slight me, And cast my suit behind : I'm sure my language to her was as sweet, And every close did meet In sentence of as subtle feet, As hath the youngest he, That sits in shadow of Apollo's tree. Oh! but my conscious fears, That fly my thoughts between, Tell me that she hath seen My hundreds of gray hairs, Told seven and forty years, Read so much waste, as she cannot embrace My mountain belly and my rocky face, And all these through her eyes have stopt her ears. From The Poet to the Painter.' But there are lines, wherewith I might be embrac'd. You were not tied by any painter's law Which if in compass of no art it came With one great blot you had form'd me as I am. Good Life, Long Life. It is not growing like a tree In bulk, doth make man better be, Or standing long an oak, three hundred year, Is fairer far in May, Although it fall and die that night, In small proportions we just beauties see: Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke. This epitaph on Sidney's noble and accomplished sister, the Countess of Pembroke, for whose delectation the Arcadia was written, was first printed as Jonson's by Whalley in his edition of 1756. This delicate epitaph is universally attributed to our author, though it hath never yet been printed with his works; it is, therefore, with some pleasure that I have given it a place here.' But about a hundred years before Aubrey had expressly said that the epitaph was by William Browne of Tavistock. Critical opinion is divided as to the provenance; Mr Bullen takes it as Browne's, Mr Sidney Lee as Jonson's. Epitaph on Elizabeth L. H. If at all she had a fault, Than that it lived at all. Farewell. On My First Daughter. Here lies, to each her parents' ruth, At six months' end she parted hence With safety of her innocence; Whose soul Heaven's queen, whose name she bears, In comfort of her mother's tears, Hath placed among her virgin train : Where, while that severed doth remain, This grave partakes the fleshly birth, Which cover lightly, gentle earth! To Penshurst [the home of the Sidneys). Of wood, of water; therein thou art fair. At his great birth where all the Muses met. Thou hast thy orchard fruit, thy garden flowers, Fig, grape, and quince, each in his time doth come: Hang on thy walls that every child may reach. Some nuts, some apples; some that think they make By their ripe daughters, whom they would commend The need of such? whose liberal board doth flow Now, Penshurst, they that will proportion thee With other edifices, when they see Those proud ambitious heaps, and nothing else, May say their lords have built, but thy lord dwells. Touch or touch-stone is black basalt; it was Sir Philip Sidney 'at whose birth all the Muses met;' Barbara Gamage was the wife of Sir Robert Sidney (Philip's brother), Earl of Leicester. To the Memory of my beloved Master William Pacuvius, Accius, him of Cordova dead, Neat Terence, witty Plautus, now not please; Yet must I not give nature all; thy art, Seneca For though the poet's matter nature be, For a good poet 's made as well as born. Of Shakespeare's mind and manners brightly shines In each of which he seems to shake a lance, As brandished at the eyes of ignorance. And make those flights upon the banks of Thames And despairs day but for thy volume's light! On the Portrait of Shakespeare. O could he but have drawn his wit, Jonson's prose other than in drama may be illustrated by three paragraphs containing his judgment on Lord Bacon, taken from his Discoveries, which are in part a commonplace book of suggestions, in part a series of short essays on very various subjects, somewhat on the Baconian model : From 'Discoveries.' Dominus Verulamius.-One, though he be excellent, and the chief, is not to be imitated alone: for no imitator ever grew up to his author; likeness is always on this side truth. Yet there happened in my time one noble speaker, who was full of gravity in his speaking. His language (where he could spare or pass by a jest) was nobly censorious. No man ever spake more neatly, more pressly, more weightily, or suffered less emptiness, less idleness in what he uttered. No member of his speech but consisted of his own graces. His hearers could not cough or look aside from him without loss. He commanded where he spoke, and had his judges angry and pleased at his devotion. No man had their affections more in his power. The fear of every man that heard him was, lest he should make an end. Scriptorum Catalogus.-Cicero is said to be the only wit that the people of Rome had equalled to their empire. Ingenium par imperio. We have had many, and in their several ages (to take in but the former seculum) sir Thomas Moore, the elder Wiat, Henry earl of Surrey, Chaloner, Smith, Eliot, B. Gardiner, were for their times admirable; and the more, because they began eloquence with us. Sir Nicholas Bacon was singular and almost alone in the beginning of queen Elizabeth's time. Sir Philip Sidney and Mr Hooker (in different matter) grew great masters of wit and language, and in whom all vigour of invention and strength of judgment met. The earl of Essex, noble and high; and sir Walter Raleigh, not to be contemned either for judg ment or style. Sir Henry Savile, grave, and truly lettered; sir Edwin Sandys, excellent in both; lord Egerton, the chancellor, a grave and great orator, and best when he was provoked. But his learned and able (though unfortunate) successor is he who hath filled up all numbers, and performed that in our tongue, which may be compared or preferred either to insolent Greece or haughty Rome. In short, within his view and about his times were all the wits born that could honour a language or help study. Now things daily fall, wits grow downward, and eloquence grows backward: so that he may be named, and stand as the mark and ἀκμή of our language. De Augmentis Scientiarum.-Julius Cæsar.-Lord St Alban.-I have ever observed it to have been the office of a wise patriot, among the greatest affairs of the state, to take care of the commonwealth of learning. For schools, they are the seminaries of state; and nothing is worthier the study of a statesman than that part of the republic which we call the advancement of letters. Witness the care of Julius Cæsar, who in the heat of the civil war writ his books of Analogy and dedicated them to Tully. This made the late lord St Alban entitle his work Novum Organum: which though by the most of superficial men, who cannot get beyond the title of nominals, it is not penetrated nor understood, it really openeth all defects of learning whatsoever, and is a book Qui longum noto scriptori proroget ævum. My conceit of his person was never increased toward him by his place or honours: but I have and do reverence him for the greatness that was only proper to himself, in that he seemed to me ever, by his work, one of the greatest men and most worthy of admiration that had been in many ages. In his adversity I ever prayed that God would give him strength; for greatness he could not want. Neither could I condole in a word or syllable for him, as knowing no accident could do harm to virtue, but rather help to make it manifest. It was Ben who said -what is better applicable to another court than he knew 'A virtuous court a world to virtue draws;' 'Contempt of fame begets contempt of virtue;' 'Apes are apes though clothed in scarlet;' 'Posterity pays every man his honour ;' and who spoke of one plagued with an itching leprosy of wit.' 'Spread yourself on his bosom publicly whose heart you would eat in private' is one of his most cynical phrases; only less caustic is "Tis the common disease of all your musicians that they know no mean to be entreated either to begin or end.' The standard edition of Jonson is the far from perfect one of Gifford (9 vols. 1816; reissued with some additional notes by Colonel Cunningham in 1875); a selection of the plays was edited by Brinsley Nicholson and C. H. Herford for the Mermaid Series' (3 vols. 1893-95); there are selections of plays and poems by Morley (1884) and J. A. Symonds (1886); and Mr Wheatley's edition of Every Man in his Humour has a valuable introduction. See the Life by Gifford, Symonds's Ben Jonson in the English Worthies' series (1886), Mr Swinburne's brilliant Study of Ben Jonson (1890), and the valuable section on Jonson in Dr A. W. Ward's English Dramatic Literature (new ed. 1899). He John Donne, gallant and courtier, wit and poet, lived to be one of the greatest preachers of the English Church, and died the saintly Dean of St Paul's. He was born in London in 1573, his father, a prosperous ironmonger, being possibly of Welsh descent. His mother, daughter of John Heywood, epigrammatist and writer of interludes (supra, page 153), was descended from Sir Thomas More's sister; the family on both sides were devout Catholics, and several of them suffered danger and exile for the Catholic cause. John Donne, whose father died in 1576, leaving his widow with six children, was sent to Hart Hall, Oxford, but graduated at Cambridge, and was entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1592. He read much law and controversial theology, was bookish but sprightly and even wild, and allowed his exuberant vitality to carry him into unbecoming dissipations. His early poems, many of them outspokenly sensual and at times cruelly cynical, are held by Mr Gosse to contain a sincere autobiographical record of a scandalous liaison with a married woman, besides other lesser irregularities. He travelled abroad, took part in Essex's Cadiz expedition, and on his return was appointed secretary to the Lord-Keeper, Sir Thomas Egerton, afterwards Lord Ellesmere and Chancellor. now came to know many of the most eminent men of the day, and wrote, without printing it, great part of his poetry. A characteristic poem of this time, The Progress of the Soul (1601), or Metempsychosis, pursues a deathless soul through its transmigrations into many bodies, including those of a sparrow, a fish eaten by a pike, which is swallowed by a bird, and that by a whale. He fell violently in love with a niece of the LordKeeper's wife, and the pair were clandestinely married at the end of 1601; in consequence Donne was dismissed, and even for a time imprisoned. In the trying years of poverty that followed he showed an amount of servility to unworthy courtiers, such as Somerset and Buckingham, that even the custom of the age cannot justify; he did much of Somerset's dirty work in securing the divorce of his paramour, the afterwards so infamous Countess of Essex, and even wrote a gushing epithalamium for their remarriage. Having become an Anglican, Donne helped Dean (afterwards Bishop) Morton in his controversial writings against the Catholics, and himself indited a volume on the Catholics and the oaths of allegiance (The Pseudo-Martyr) and against the Jesuits (Ignatius his Conclave). Biathanatos, also a prose work, proved suicide to be no very heinous sin. Donne's Divine Poems mostly belong to this period, and include Holy Sonnets and A Litany. The first poem he printed was an elegy (1611) on Sir Robert Drury's |