THE STREETS. THE greater part of Philadelphia is laid out in parallelograms, with the streets at right angles to each other, making the system of numbering houses a simple one. The houses on streets running east and west are numbered by hundreds, beginning at Front street, near the Delaware River. The houses on the south side bear even numbers, those on the north side uneven numbers. Thus on the north side of Chestnut street, beginning at Sixth and going west, the numbers are 601, 603, 605, etc. On the south side the numbers are 600, 602, 604, etc. At Seventh street the numbers in 700 begin, and so each successive street begins a hundred of its own number.

Market street is taken as a dividing line between north and south for numbering houses on streets running north and south. The even numbers are on the west side of these streets, the uneven numbers on the east side. No. 1 "North" and No. 1 "South" begin at Market street. No. 100 North begins at Arch street, the first principal street north of Market; No. 100 South begins at Chestnut, the first principal street south of Market. The following are the names of the streets running parallel to Market street, north and south thereof. The numbers signify the number which is given to the houses north or south, as the case may be, of the street to which it is attached. Those streets having no numbers are narrow or short streets between the principal avenues.

PLACES OF INTEREST. Academy of Fine Arts, Broad street above Arch. Admission, 25 cents.

Academy of Natural Science, Broad street below Chestnut. Open Tuesdays and Fridays, P.M. Admission, 10 cents. New hall S. W. cor. Nineteenth and Race streets.

American Philosophical Society, Fifth street below Chestnut.

Athenæum Library, Sixth street below Walnut. Arsenal, Frankford. Take Richmond horsecars on Third or Ninth street.

Apprentices' Library, S. W. cor. Fifth and Arch streets.

Blind Asylum, Twentieth and Race streets. Concerts Wednesday P. M. Admission, 15 cents. Blockley Almshouse, West Philadelphia. Take Walnut street cars. Tickets procured at 42 North Seventh street.

Carpenters' Hall, built in 1770, Chestnut street below Fourth, rear of bank building. Christ Church, built in 1753, Second street above Market.

College of Physicians and Surgeons, cor. Thirteenth and Locust streets.

County Prison, Eleventh street and Passyunk avenue. Tickets procured at the Ledger Office. Custom-House, Chestnut street below Fifth.

Deaf and Dumb Asylum, corner of Broad and Pine streets. Tickets procured at Ledger Office. Franklin Institute, Seventh street above Chestnut. Admission free.

Franklin's Grave, S. E. cor. Fifth and Arch

streets.

Fairmount Park, 2991 acres, on the banks of the Schuylkill and Wissahickon. From the central parts of the city take cars going north or

west.

Girard College, Ridge avenue above Nineteenth street. Take Ridge avenue cars or yellow cars on Eighth street. Tickets at Ledger Office.

House of Correction, near Holmesburg. Take cars on Pennsylvania R. R. at the Kensington Depot,

House of Refuge, Twenty-third and Brown sts. Insane Hospital (Kirkbride's), Haverford av., West Philadelphia. Take Market street cars. Independence Hall, Chestnut street below Sixth. Open from 9 AM to 4 P.M. Tickets for admission to the steeple furnished by the Superintendent. Laurel Hill Cemetery, Ridge avenue. Take Ridge avenue cars on Arch street or steamboat at Fairmount.

Ledger Building, S. W. cor. Sixth and Chestnut streets. Citizens and strangers invited to visit it. Masonic Temple, Broad street below Arch. Visitors admitted by card from resident members of the order on Thursday from 10 A.M. to 2 P.M. Cards of admission can also be procured at Ledger Office.

Mercantile Library, Tenth street ab. Chestnut. National Museum, Independence Hall. Open from 9 A.M. to 3 P.M. Free.

Navy Yard, Front street below Washington avenue. Take cars on Seventh or Second street. New Navy Yard, League Island, mouth of the Schuylkill River.

Naval Asylum, Gray's Ferry Road. Take cars on Pine street.

Old Swedes' Church, oldest church in Philadelphia, built in 1700, taking the place of Second Swedes' Church, built in 1677, Swanson street

below Christian. Take Second street cars to Christian.

Pennsylvania Hospital, Eighth and Spruce

streets.

Penn's Cottage, Letitia street near Market. Letitia street is between Front and Second.

Penn Treaty Monument, Beach and Hanover streets. Take Richmond cars on Third street. Penitentiary (Eastern), Fairmount avenue and Twenty-first street. Tickets procured at the Ledger Office.

Philadelphia Library (founded by Benjamin Franklin), Fifth street below Chestnut.

Pennsylvania Historical Society, 820 Spruce. School of Design for Women, S. W. cor. Merrick and Filbert.

United States Mint, Chestnut street above Thirteenth. Open from 9 A.M. to 12 noon. Free. University of Pennsylvania, Thirty-sixth and Woodland avenue, West Philadelphia.

Wagner Free Institute, cor. Seventeenth and Montgomery avenue.

Water-works.-Fairmount, in Park, east side of Schuylkill River, north of Morris st.-Schuylkill (formerly Spring Garden), east side of Schuylkill River, Fairmount Park near Girard avenue.— Belmont or West Philadelphia, Fairmount Park, west side of Schuylkill River near Reading Railroad Bridge.-Delaware or Kensington, east side of Delaware River, near Gunners' Run.-Roxborough, east side of Schuylkill above Manayunk. All these are open in daytime to visitors.

Wills Hospital for Eye diseases, Race st. between Eighteenth and Nineteenth.

Woodland Cemetery, Woodland avenue, West Philadelphia. Take Walnut street cars.

Young Men's Christian Association, Chestnut street above Twelfth. New building being erected S. E. cor. Fifteenth and Chestnut streets.

Zoological Gardens, Fairmount Park. Take cars on Walnut, Market, Arch and Vine streets, and Girard avenue.

FAIRMOUNT PARK.

Fairmount Park comprises nearly three thousand acres (2991) on the banks of the Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek. It is divided by nature into several sections, each presenting peculiar attractions, and each within easy reach of the city by numerous lines of railway.

cars of the Union line run to this part of the Park, and the Girard avenue line carries passengers to its northern boundary. At the base of the hill are handsome flower-beds; on the river bank are the beautiful stone boat-houses belonging to the clubs composing the "Schuylkill Navy," and the level ground back of the Mansion House is one of the great playgrounds of the Park. The Mansion," now used for refreshment purposes, is on the site of the country-seat occupied by Robert Morris during the Revolution. North of the Mansion House are many objects of interest, including the log cabin which was the headquar ters of Gen. Grant at City Point, Va., during the long siege of Petersburg. Fine views can be obtained of the river from the rocks which crown the hill, and from summer-houses built on the jutting rocks overlooking the river road. Lemon Hill extends to Girard avenue, where the great Girard avenue bridge, leading to the West Park, spans the Schuylkill. Near Girard avenue is the Park Guard-house, where all lost children are taken by the Park Guard.

The East Park is the common name of the grounds on the east bank of the Schuylkill above Girard avenue. The Schuylkill water-works are located a few paces north of Girard avenue. The river road runs from Fairmount Park at the base of Lemon Hill, under Girard avenue and the connecting railroad bridges, and through a rock tunnel into the East Park, crossing the Reading Railroad at grade. A bend in the river makes the East Park a triangular section having two river fronts. The great storage reservoir, a fine play and parade-ground, Rockland, the place to which the children are taken on free excursions (reached by steamboat from Fairmount) and many fine old mansions, one of which once belonged to and was occupied by Benedict Arnold the traitor, are in the East Park. Laurel Hill cemetery is its northern boundary, but a beautiful river drive runs along the base of this city of the dead to the Falls of the Schuylkill. The East Park may be reached by the Ridge avenue railway company, trains on the Reading Railroad and boats on the Schuylkill River.

The West Park includes the Zoological Garden (Solitude), Lansdowne, George's Hill, Belmont and Chamouni, extending from the dam at Fairmount to the Falls of Schuylkill. It is finely wooded, and contains many beautiful ravines, through which rivulets of water run down to the Schuylkill. It is remarkable for the beauty of its natural scenery. "Lansdowne" may be reached via Girard avenue bridge, or from the cars running west on Market, Chestnut, Arch and Vine streets, and Girard avenue. The Centennial Buildare located on Lansdowne Terrace. Northwest of the buildings are George's Hill and the Belmont reservoir. From the former a splendid view can be obtained of the city. At Belmont is Judge Peters's old mansion, from which there are fine views of the river, the Centennial Grounds and the city. On the river-bank, above Belmont, is a small cottage which tradition says was once occupied by Thomas Moore the poet. The Sawyer Observatory is situated on high ground near Belmont Mansion.

The Wissahickon.-The part of the Park lying on each side of the Wissahickon is a narrow strip of ground probably five miles in length, and presents scenery wholly unlike that of any other part of the grounds. The Wissahickon may be

reached from the West Park by bridges across the Schuylkill River, near the Falls of the Schuylkill. These nave disappeared, Fairmount dam backing up the water so that the rocks over which the river once fell are now almost completely submerged. The Wissahickon may also be reached by the river road from the East Park, the Ridge avenue railway cars and the Manayunk and Norristown branch of the Reading R. R. A small plot of ground near the mouth of the creek is laid out as a garden, but beyond the steam railroad there is little more of the Park than the precipitous hillsides enclosing the creek and the drive along its banks. The creek is a remarkably picturesque stream, sometimes dashing over rocks, through narrow passes, then broadening out into mirror-like lakes, which reflect every twig and leaf of the trees on its banks, and then falling over an artificial dam. The hills on either side are precipitous, well wooded, but broken here and there by huge rocks, whose sides are hung with glistening mosses. In the recesses of the woods, where few rays of the sun can_penetrate, tall ferns grow in wild luxuriance. The creek presents so many scenes of beauty that it is not necessary to point out any places of special inter

THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. These celebrated gardens are situated in a part of the Park property formerly known as "Solitude," on the Schuylkill River, south of Girard avenue and opposite Lemon Hill. Steamers from Fairmount, and cars on Girard avenue, Vine, Market, Chestnut and Thirty-fifth streets, carry passengers to the Gardens. The ground is well wooded, and parts of it are laid out in gardens. The places of interest are the Carnivora-house, the monkey-house, the aviary, the fox-pens, the wolf-pens, the raccoon-house, the prairie-dog village, the elephant and rhinoceros houses, the rabbit-house, the eagle aviary, the deer enclosure, the bison-sheds and the bear-pits. The collection of birds and animals is said to be the finest in this

country.

PUBLIC SQUARES.

The public squares-"the lungs of the city"are well distributed; and although but little money has been expended in their artificial decoration, except by the Philadelphia Fountain Society, they

are pleasant resting-places in spring, suminer and autumn for thousands of people unable to go

to the Park.

Independence Square, on which stands Independence Hall, the Court-house, the building in which the first Congress assembled, the Mayor's office and other public buildings, is the block bounded by Fifth, Sixth, Chestnut and Walnut streets. It has been remodeled within the last year, and many of the trees cut down.

Washington Square is bounded by Sixth, Seventh, Walnut and Locust streets. It was formerly a "potter's" field, or graveyard for paupers. Franklin Square is bounded by Sixth, Franklin, Race and Vine streets. It contains a large fountain, and is well wooded. Logan Square is bounded by Race, Vine, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets.

Rittenhouse Square is bounded by Walnut, Locust, Eighteenth and Nineteenth streets, and is surrounded by elegant private residences.

Penn Squares were formerly located at Broad and Market streets, occupying the four angles of these broad streets. The new Public Buildings, now in course of erection, occupy the site of the squares and the intersection of the two streets. A broad avenue will extend around the Public Buildings.

Norris Square was given to the city by Mr. Isaac P. Norris. It is bounded by Susquehanna avenue, Hancock, Diamond and Howard streets. Jefferson Square is bounded by Third, Fourth and Federal streets and Washington avenue.

Other squares.-In Girard avenue and Spring Garden street plots of ground formerly occupied by open market-houses or laid out for intended market-houses have been laid out as gardens; and in different parts of the city triangular plots of ning diagonally across the city have been laid out ground formed by the intersections of streets runas gardens at the expense of citizens living in the vicinity.

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE CITY.

The city of Philadelphia, as laid out by William Penn, comprised only that portion of the present city situated between South and Vine streets and the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. Settlements were made, however, outside of these

boundaries, and in the course of time they became separately incorporated and had separate governments, making a congeries of towns and districts, the whole group being known abroad simply as Philadelphia. Several of these were situated immediately contiguous to the "city proper "-viz., Southwark and Moyamensing to the south, and Northern Liberties, Kensington, Spring Garden and Penn district to the north, and West Philadelphia to the west-all of which were practically one town continuously built up. Besides these, there were a number of other outlying townships, villages and settlements near the built-up town, though detached from it. Among these were Bridesburg, the unincorporated Frankford, Holmesburg, Northern Liberties, Port Richmond, Nicetown, Rising Sun, Fox Chase, Germantown, Chestnut Hill, Manayunk, Roxborough, Falls of Schuylkill, unincorporated Penn Township, Francisville, Hamilton village, Mantua, Blockley, Kingsessing and Passyunk. Some of these also became absorbed in the extending streets of the congeries of towns of which Philadelphia was composed, and in 1854

they were all consolidated under one municipal government, the boundaries of which are coincident with those of the old county of Philadelphia, In the earlier times some of the districts mentioned had marked characteristics, but these have mostly passed away.

Southwark, immediately on the river front, was marked by great wood-yards for supplying fuel before the days of anthracite coal, also by the sheds and yards of boat-builders and mast-makers, and by ship-builders' yards down to the site of the United States navy yard. A great many of the Southwark dwellings were inhabited by sea captains and seafaring men, and down to quite a recent period a considerable portion of its inhabitants were the families of sea-going people and "watermen." The wood-yards, mast and shipyards have gone to other localities, and their old sites are now occupied by commercial warehouses, extensive sugar refineries, the wharves and depots of the sugar, molasses and West Indies trade, the great grain warehouses, elevators and shippingpiers of the Pennsylvania R.R. Co., the wharves and depots of the American and Red Star lines of ocean steamships. The district was also characterized by the extensive machine-shops and iron-works of Merricks, Morris & Tasker, Savery and others, as well as by the mechanical work promoted by the navy yard. Old Southwark now constitutes parts of the First, Second, Third and Fourth wards of the city.

The Northern Liberties also had its great cord-wood wharves and yards along the river front, and extensive lumber-yards. The woodyards have mostly disappeared, and have given place to large markets for farm-produce, commercial warehouses, railroad landings, depots and shipping wharves. Some of the lumber-yards remain, however. This district was also characterized, particularly along Second street, by its farmers' market-yards for the wholesale trade in butter, eggs, poultry, meats, vegetables and other products of the farms of the adjacent country. Some of the fine old market-taverns and produceyards still remain, but their marked characteristics have become obscured by the spread of the great city. Long before the consolidation of the Northern Liberties into the city Second street was famous for its fine retail shops, and Third street was the site of a large wholesale trade in groceries, provisions and leather. Second street is now lined by a double row of retail stores along nearly its entire length, not only in the old Northern Liberties, but for miles below and above. Pegg's Run and Cohocksink Creek, which flowed through the Northern Liberties, were the sites of numerous extensive tan-yards. One of the pioneer mills in Philadelphia's great industries, the Old Globe Mill, was in or near the line of the Northern Liberties. A modern characteristic of the Northern Liberties is that a large proportion of its inhabitants are Germans or of German origin. The Northern Liberties embraced what are now the Eleventh, Twelfth and part of the Sixteenth wards of the city.

Kensington was a ship- and boat-building district, and another considerable portion of its oldtime inhabitants were fishermen engaged in supplying the Philadelphia markets. Kensington, however, soon got into the iron and steel manufacture, and the building of steam-engines and machinery, the outcropping of which may be seen in the large works now in operation there and on

the river front above. Kensington embraced part of the present Sixteenth, Seventeenth and Eighteenth wards.

Spring Garden District, which is now characterized by extensive manufacturing establishments of nearly all descriptions-among them the great Baldwin Locomotive Works and Powers & Weightman's chemical laboratory-and for its masses of handsome dwellings, was, in the old time, one of the most pleasant suburbs of Philadelphia and the principal dwelling-place of the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Butchers or Victuallers. Here they had their cattle-yards and slaughterhouses, some few of which still remain. The old district is now one of the finest portions of the city, and makes up the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth wards.

Port Richmond, occupying the Delaware River front to the north and north-east of Old Kensing. ton, was brought into prominence by the estab lishment at that point of the tidewater terminus of the Reading R. R. Co. for its immense coal traffic by sea. This at once began to improve the unproductive land in the vicinity; for the shipping-piers, the coal-depots, the engine-houses, workshops, offices, etc., were accompanied and followed by a large increase of population, the erection of dwellings, great activity and rapid progress in all respects. The coal trade built it up in the first place, but the district is now the centre of a manufacturing trade that has but few superiors in the United States.

Outlying Districts and Villages.-Of the other districts and villages now incorporated in the city, the unincorporated Northern Liberties, Nicetown, Rising Sun, Penn district, Francisville, Hamilton village, Mantua, Blockley, Kingsessing, Passyunk and Moyamensing have been built up so that they are now in fact, as in name, the city itself. All the districts and villages west of the Schuylkill River, comprising the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-seventh wards, but popularly known as "West Philadelphia," have passed from country villages into suburban portions of the continuously built up city; and although they are still characterized by handsome mansions with cultivated gardens, the inevitable rows of brick houses have invaded them also. Frankford, Holmesburg, Bridesburg, Manayunk, Germantown, Chestnut Hill and Roxborough are passing through the same changes, but more slowly. Besides the dwellings of their permanent population, they are all largely occupied by summer residences of professional and business men; and all of them except Chestnut Hill are the sites of manufacturing establishments, some of which are very extensive. Roxborough and Chestnut Hill occupy the highest plateaus of ground in the city, and are crowned with fine country-seats. The Falls of Schuylkill contains one of the largest drugmanufacturing establishments in this country, and large carpet and other mills recently erected.

The River Front of the city is very large, and exhibits a great variety of industries. Beginning on the Delaware River at Bridesburg, there is the United States Arsenal near the bank, and south of Bridesburg great bone-boiling establishments and glue factories. At Richmond are the coalshipping wharves of the Reading Railroad Company, with miles of delivery track, from which coal is shipped by vessels having a combined tonnage greater than the foreign tonnage of the port of New York. Then come the engine works, iron

and wood ship-building yards, lumber-yards, etc., of Kensington and the Northern Liberties. The wharves in front of the old city are chiefly devoted to the provision and grocery trades, the markets for farm produce, fish, oysters, etc., and the landing wharves for river and ferry boats. Still farther down the river are the great sugar refineries, the dry-docks, the warehouses and wharves for the West Indies trade, the wharves and depots of the Pennsylvania Railroad and of the American and Red Star Steamship Companies, the Navy Yard, the coal and coal-oil wharves of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and the New Navy Yard at League Island. Passing around the point of League Island, and following up the Schuylkill River, one finds the great grain warehouse of the Pennsylvania Railroad, large manufactories and refineries of coal-oil, the Point Breeze Gas Works, the principal marble and stone yards for granites, foreign and domestic marbles, and coal delivery yards. The great marble yards are situated just south of Chestnut Street bridge, which is the northern limit of navigation for sea-going vessels on the Schuylkill. Above that bridge are large plaster works and the City Gas-Works on the east bank, and the abattoir and stock-yards of the Pennsylvania Railroad on the west bank. Above Fairmount dam for a distance of five miles the Schuylkill River runs through Fairmount Park; but at the Falls of Schuylkill the industries begin again, and from that place to the upper end of Manayunk great mills, for which the river furnishes water-power, are built on its bank.

Broad Street, though now in a transition state, is, on account of its great width, fine situation and the improvements already made on it, one of the finest highways in Philadelphia. North of Fairmount avenue and south of Washington avenue it is becoming the site of handsome residences and churches, and is more or less occupied by private residences near Spruce street. But be tween those points the street (once used for warehouses and coal yards) is in that transitional state when factories, grand hotels, public buildings and churches, coal yards, small dwellings and handsome private mansions are incongruously grouped together. At Broad and Market streets the new Public Buildings are being erected, and north of these, within two squares of Market street, are three costly churches, the new Masonic Temple and the new Academy of Fine Arts. Between Callowhill and Spring Garden streets are the great Baldwin locomotive works and other large industrial establishments.

"

Each

The Homes of Philadelphia.-The dwellings in the "City of Homes' are as well worthy of a visit as her public institutions. They contain from four to twenty rooms each, and the modern houses, whatever their size may be, are generally supplied with gas, hot and cold water and heaters. The greater number have bath-rooms. room is private, being reached from the street by entry-ways, which take up scarcely any room available for other purposes, and each room is independently aired and lighted. Small yards or gardens are attached to each house, and private alley-ways lead from the street to the yards. The houses appear to be all of the same design, but there are really four or five different designs for interior arrangement. The plans on which they are built have " grown up,' and seem to have reached perfection in simplicity, cheapness, convenience and privacy. They are built in rows

for economy in the use of party-walls; and of late years the oppressive uniformity of their outside decorations has been somewhat broken by the use of colored stones instead of white marble, and by painting the woodwork in light tints of color.

The best samples of the modern Philadelphia house may be found north of Girard avenue and west of Ninth street and in the south-western parts of the city. A large proportion of the dwellings in Philadelphia are owned by their occupants. The system of loaning money on "ground rent,' which once prevailed, helped workingmen to get homes for themselves, and of late years the Philadelphia building and lean associations have enabled thousands of men to purchase houses and pay for them in instalments by one of the best systems of co-operation yet invented.

PLACES OF AMUSEMENT.

Academy of Music, Broad street below Locust. Walnut Street Theatre, cor. Ninth and Walnut. Chestnut Street Theatre, Chestnut street above Twelfth.

Arch Street Theatre, Arch street above Sixth. Horticultural Hall, Broad street below Locust. Concert Hall, 1221 Chestnut street.

above Chestnut. Amateur Drawing-Room, Seventeenth street

American Theatre (Varieties), Chestnut street above Tenth.

Arch Street Opera-House (Minstrels), Arch street above Tenth.

Assembly Building, S. W. corner Tenth and Chestnut streets.

Col. Wood's Museum, cor. Ninth and Arch, Eleventh Street Opera-House (Minstrels), Eleventh street above Chestnut.

Grand Central Theatre (Varieties), Walnut street above Eighth.

Musical Fund Hall, Locust street above Eighth. New National Theatre (Varieties), cor. Tenth and Callowhill streets.

Zoological Gardens, Fairmount Park.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The Public Schools.-The schools under the supervision of the Philadelphia Board of Public Education at the close of the year 1874 were as follows: The Central High School (for boys), the Girls' Normal School, 60 grammar, 121 secondary, 29 consolidated, 212 primary and 41 night-schools, making a total of 465 schools. 91,950 pupils attended the day-schools during 1874, and 16,681 the night-schools; total, 108,631. The teachers employed in day-schools numbered 1776, in the nightschools, 215; total, 1991. The expenditure on account of public schools during the year was $1,607,736.81. The estimated value of school-buildings (177) belonging to the city December 31, 1874, was $3,469,700, and of the land, $1,825,419; total, $5,295,119. Deducting the principal represented by ground rents, $717,633, leaves $4,577,486 as the city's interest in the real estate used for school purposes. The value of school furniture is estimated at $259,850; total value of school property, less the principal of ground rents, $4.837,336. During the year 1874 eight new school-buildings were completed; two on which work was begun in 1873 were still unfinished, four were built during the year, and work was begun on twelve additional buildings for school purposes. Plans were prepared for four others,