XVIII. KO (Affairs).

Ko. Perfectly auspicious, and advantageous to wade a large river. Three days previous to the time and three days after the time.

Exposition. This is Ko: The strong is above and the weak is below, and it is modest and stops. Ko is "perfectly auspicious," and the country will be in peace. "Advantageous to wade a large river "—that is to say, [it will be advantageous to] engage in an affair. "Three days previous to the time and three days after the time "—that is to say, an end will be follwed by a beginning which is noticed in the movements of the Heaven.

Interpretation. A wind at the foot of a mountain. is [the emblem of] Ko. Honourable man accordingly exhort the people aud nourish virtue.

Negative I. Manages his father's affairs. When there is a son, the father will be free. Lucky in the end, though dangerous.

Interpretation. To manage the father's affairs is to obey the will of the father.

Positive II. Manages his mother's affairs. One ought not to stick to the affairs with constancy.

Interpretation. [Positive II] manages his mother's affairs because he pursues a middle course.

Positive III. Manages his father's affairs. There will be some remorse, but free any great blame.

Interpretation. [Positive III] manages his father's affairs and will be, in the end, free from blame.

Negative IV. Leisurely manages his father's affairs. Inauspicious to advance.

Interpretation. "[Negative IV] leisurely manages his father's affairs," because he is not able to succeed by advancing.

Negative V. Manages his father's affairs, and gets honour.

Interpretation. [Negative V] gets honour in managing his father's affairs, because the virtue of his forefathers assists him to succeed.

Positive VI. Does not offer his service to kings and princes, and maintains a noble standing.

Interpretation. Not to offer services to kings and princes, is worthy of imitation.

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XIX. RIN (To look Down).

Rin. Perfectly auspicious, and advantageous to be constant. In August will come an ill-luck.

Exposition. In Rin, strong elements steadily prosper; they are pleased and

obedient, and one of them occupies the middle position and is in concord [with Negative V]. To be auspicious and just is the way of Heaven. "In August will came an ill-luck"-this implies that the decline [of the negative] can not go on permanently.

Interpretation. Land bordering on a pond is [the emblem of] Rin. Honourable men accordingly cease not to educate and care for [the people], and boundless is their attention to the welfare of the people.

Positive I. Looks full in the face, and will be lucky if constant.

Interpretation.

"[Positive I] looks full in the face, and will be lucky if constant,"-because the intention is just.

Positive II. Looks full in the face, will be lucky, and advantageous in every respect.

Interpretation. "[Positive II] looks full in the face, will be lucky, and advantageous in every respect"because [Positive II] does not wait for an order.

Negative III. Looks with fawnings and will not be advantageous in any way. If he is sorry for it, he will be free from blame.

Interpretation. [Negative III] looks with fawnings, because his position is improper. If he is sorry for it, the blame will not last long.

Negative IV. Looks in earnest, and will be free from blame.

Interpretation. "[Negative IV] looks in earnest, and will be free from blame"-because his position is proper. Negative V. Looks with wisdom, which is a proper course for a great sovereign. He will be lucky.

Interpretation. "A proper course for a great sovereign" that is to say, a course which is in conformity with the principle of mean.

Negative VI. Is honest in looking at [things], will be lucky, and free from blame.

Interpretation. It will be lucky to be honest in looking at things, because the intention is inside.

XX. KWAN (To observe or to show)

Kwan. [Positive V] washes his hands, but before he sets offerings, his truthfulness makes [the people] look up to him with reverence.

Exposition. A great sight is above.

[Positive V] is obedient and humble, middle and just, and thus shows himself to the country. He "washes his hands, but before he sets offerings, his truthfulness makes [the people] to look up to him with reverence"-that is the inferiors look up to him and receive his influence. Following the divine laws of Heaven the four seasons are punctual. Sages establish religious doctrines in conformity to divine laws, and the world follow them.

Interpretation. Wind going over the earth is [the emblem of] Kwan. Kings of old, accordingly, established moral doctrines by reflecting on [the peculiarities of] the place and observing [the manners and customs of] the people.

Negative I. Is childish in observation. Small-minded men will be free from blame, but inauspicious for honourable men.

Interpretation. The childish observation of Negative I is only fit for small-minded men.

the

Negative II. Sees by peeping. Advantageous to constancy of a woman.

Interpretation. To see by peeping is advantageous to the constancy of a woman, but it is a shameful act [for men].

Negative III. Decides his movement by observing his own nature.