An introduction to mathematical ecology

assumed binomial series birth and death canonical variates cells classes classification clumps coefficient collection consider constant contain coordinates covariance matrix curve death rates defined denote density described deterministic diffusion discrete distance diversity ecological ecologists equation equilibrium estimate example expected number Figure follows frequencies function geometric distribution given independent interval L-mosaic larvae length logarithmic series logistic logistic equation Markov Markov chain matrix mean and variance measure of aggregation method mosaic nearest neighbor negative binomial negative binomial distribution null hypothesis number of individuals number of plants number of species obtained occur pair parameters parasite patches phases Pielou points Poisson distribution positive association possible principal component analysis probability proportion quadrats random randomly mingled result sample units sequence shown spatial pattern species-abundance species-area curves stochastic subniches suppose tion total number transect values vector vegetation zero