Radiothermoluminescence and transitions in polymers

activation energy annealing atactic atoms blend changes charge Charlesby Chem chemical components concentration constant cooling copolymer cross-linking crystal decay decrease deformation density depends dielectric distribution dose E/kT effect electron affinity electron traps emission entropy equilibrium evaluation excited molecules exhibit factor first-order fluorescence fraction free volume frequency frequency factor glass glass-transition temperature glow curve glow peak grafting increase interaction interfacial intersystem crossing interzonal ionization irradiation isotactic kinetic linear low-temperature luminescence luminescence centers luminescence intensity macromolecules material maxima maximum mechanical melting method molecular mobility molecular motion molecular weight molecules Nikolskii nuclear magnetic resonance observed occur oxygen phase phosphorescence Phys polybutadiene polyethylene samples polyisobutylene polypropylene polystyrene quenching radiation radicals radiothermoluminescence reaction recombination relaxation transitions room temperature secondary relaxation semicrystalline semicrystalline polymers spectra spectroscopy structure Tg values thermal thermodynamic thermoluminescence thermoluminescence intensity thermoluminescence peaks tion transition temperature trapped electrons untrapping vibrational vinyl vulcanization whereas