165. That he has the ability to learn.

Q. What does the word mood mean?

166. Mood means manner.

Q. What, then, does the mood of verbs denote ?

167. The different manner of representing actions.

Q. What does the word indicative mean?

168. Declaring or showing.

Q. When I say, "William has studied," I declare some fact: in wnat mood, then, shall we class has studied?

169. In the indicative mood.

Q. When I say, "Has William studied?" the only difference between this phrase and the foregoing consists in a change in the order of the words, so as to show that a question is asked: in what mood, then, shall we call has William studied?

170. Indicative mood.

Q. What, then, is the indicative mood used for?

171. The indicative mood is used for asserting, indicating or declaring a thing, or asking a question.

Q. In what mood is,They do sing?" Why? (171.)

Q. What does the word tense mean?

172. Tense means time.

Q. What does present mean?

173. Present means now.

Q. When I say,

66

The bird sings," I mean that the bird sings now: in

what tense, then, is sings?

174. In the present tense.

Q. What, then, is the present tense used for?

175. The present tense is used to express what is now taking place.

Q. In what tense is, "The dog runs ?" Why? (175.)

Q. "James wrote. "James has written." These phrases denote what is past in what tense are they?

176. In the past tense.

Q. What does the word future mean; as, "At some future time ?" 177. Future means yet to come.

Q. In what tense are the phrases, "I will come," "I shall have come?" 178. In the future tense.

Q. How many grand divisions of time do there appear to be, and what are they?

179. Three-the present, past, and future.

Q When I say, "John wrote," is the action here spoken of past and finished?

180. It is.

Q. What does imperfect mean?

181. Unfinished, or incomplete.

Q. "John was writing when I saw him." This denotes an action anfinished in past time, and corresponds with what is usually denominated in Latin the imperfect tense: hence the origin of the name selected by English grammarians to denote action past and finished; a term not all significant of in action finished in past time: what, then, does the imperfect tense express? 182. The imperfect tense expresses what took place in past time, however distant.

Q. "Peter wrote yesterday, and has written to-day." Here both acts of

writing are past and finished; but which has more immediate reference to the present time?

183. Has written.

Q. To distinguish this tense from the imperfect, grammarians have called it the perfect tense: what, then, will the perfect tense express?

184. The perfect tense expresses what has taken place, and also conveys an allusion to the present time.

Q. "James had read before I wrote." Here, botb arts are past and finished; but which took place first?

185. The act of reading.

Q. What does the word pluperfect mean?

186. More than the perfect.

Q. What tense, then, shall we call, "James had read?"

187. The pluperfect tense.

Q. What, then, does the pluperfect tense express?

188. The pluperfect tense expresses what had taken place at or before some past time mentioned.

Q. "John will come." This, you know, was called the future tense: can you tell me why?

189. Because it implies time to come.

Q. What, then, does the future tense express ?

190. The future tense expresses what will take place hereafter.

Q. "I shall have learned my lesson by noon." Here, an action is to take place at a future time specified or mentioned; and since we already have one future tense, we will call that the first, and this the second future tense what, then, will the second future tense express?

191. The second future expresses what will have taken place at or before some future time mentioned.

Q. What does synopsis mean?

192. A concise and general view.

Q. I will now present you with a synopsis of all the different tenses illustrated by the verb learn: will you repeat it?

Plup. tense,

I had learned.

1st Fut. tense, I shall or will learn.

2d Fut. tense, I shall have learned.

You shall next have the different variations of the foregoing verb, in each tense of the indicative mood: these I wish you to study very carefully, that you may be able to answer the questions which will then be asked you

OR,

When we wish to express energy or positiveness, thus

Plural.

1. I shall or will learn.
2. You shall or will learn.
3. He shall or will learn.

Singular.

Plural.

1. We shall or will learn.
2. You shall or will learn.
3. They shall or will learn.

SECOND FUTURE TENSE.

1. I shall have learned.
2. You will have learned.

3. He will have learned.

*

Plural.

1. We shall have learned.
2. You will have learned.
3. They will have learned.

For the benefit of those who choose to retain the second person sigu lar, as given in former treatises, the following synopsis is inserted.

SYNOPSIS.

Thou learnest, or dost learn.
Thou learnedst, or didst learn.
Thou hast learned.
Thou hadst learned.
Thou shalt or wilt learn.
Thou wilt have learned.

195. 2d Pers. Sing. Pres. 2d Pers. Sing. Imp. 26 Pers. Sing. Perf. 2d Pers. Sing. Plup. 2d Pers. Sing. 1st Fut. 2d Pers. Sing. 2d Fut. Q. In what mood is, "I learn?" Why? (171.) (175.) In what mood and tense is, "He learns?" Learn?" "I have learned?" "I had learned?" I shall have learned?"

Q. In what person and number is, "I learn?" learn?" "They had learned?" "He shall learn?" Q. What does the word auxiliary mean? 196. Auxiliary means helping.

In what tense? Why? "We learn?" "I did "I shall or will learn?"

"We

"You learn?"
"We had learned ?"

Q. In the phrase, "I will sing," will, you perceive, is used to help form the future tense of sing: will is, therefore, called an auxiliary verb, and the verb sing is reckoned the principal verb: what, then, are auxiliary verbs? 197. Auxiliary verbs are those by the help of which are formed the different tenses, moods, &c. of the prin- cipal verbs.

Q. The auxiliary verbs are not unfrequently denominated the signs of the tenses, because each tense has, in general, an auxiliary peculiar to itself what, then, is the sign of the second future?

Q. We can say, "I did strike yesterday," or, "I struck yesterday?" how, then, can we tell when a verb is in the imperfect tense without the sign did? 203. If we can place yesterday after the verb, and make sense, it is in the imperfect tense.

Q. What is the sign of the present tense?

204. Do, or the first form of the verb.

Q. From the foregoing, how many tenses does the indicative mood appear to have, and what are they?

205. Six-the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the pluperfect, the first and second future tenses.

THIRD

206. They is a PRONOUN, a word used instead of a noun PERSONAL; it always represents the same person PERSON; it denotes the persons spoken of-PLURAL; it means more than one- "Nom. he; Poss. his; Obj. him. Plural. Nom. they"— made in the NOMINATIVE CASE to have arrived, according to

RULE VI. The nominative case governs the verb.

Have arrived is a VERB, a word that implies action or being ACTIVE; it implies action- INTRANSITIVE; it does not admit of an object-INDICATIVE MOOD; it simply indicates or declares a thing— PERFECT TENSE; it expresses what has just taken place "1. I have arrived; 2. You have arrived; 3. He nas arrived. Plural, 1. We have arrived; 2. You have arrived; 3. They have arrived"— made in the THIRD PERSON PLURAL, because its nominative they is, and agrees with it, according to

RULE VII. A verb must agree with its nominative case in number and person

Q. What does, "He may write," imply?
207. Permission or liberty to write.
Q. What does, "He must write," imply?
208. Necessity of writing.

Q. What does, "He can write," imply?
209. Power or ability to write.
Q. What does, "He should write," imply?
210. Duty or obligation to write.
Q. What does, "He would write," imply?
211. Will or inclination to write.
Q. What does the word potential mean?
212. Able, or powerful.

Q. In what mood, then, do grammarians reckon can learn, may write and, also, must write, should write, &c.?

213. In the potential mood.

Q. Why are all these different forms of representing actions considered to be in the potential mood, a name, as we have seen, peculiar only to that form of the verb which implies power?

214. To prevent multiplying moods to a great and almost numberless extent.

Q. What, then, does the potential mood imply?

215. The potential mood implies possibility, liberty power, will, obligation, or necessity.

Q. What are the signs of this mood?

216. May, can, must, might, could, would, and should. Q. What does the word conjugation mean?

(1.) Adjective.