Physical Metallurgy

activation energy age hardening alloy alloying elements aluminum annealing anode atoms austenite axis bainite binary carbides carbon cementite cent composition concentration cooling copper corrosion crystal structure cubic curve decreasing deformation density diffraction diffusion coefficients direction dislocations dissolved distance effect electrons equation equilibrium eutectic eutectoid ferrite formation freezing grain boundaries grain growth heat high temperatures hydrogen increases ingot interface interstitial ions iron isothermal lattice parameter layer liquid lower martensite material matrix mechanism melting metallurgy nickel nucleation nucleus observed occur orientation oxide parallel particles pearlite perature phase diagram plates precipitate pressure proeutectoid properties pure metal quenching R. F. Mehl range reaction recrystallization region result self-diffusion shear stress shown in Fig shows single crystals slip planes solid solution solubility specimen steels strain surface symmetry tensile tetragonal thermal tion Trans transformation twin vacancies vapor volume wüstite zone