The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses

Acad Sci USA alphavirus alphaviruses amino acid analysis animal antibody antigenic antigenic drift Biol biology cell cellular coevolution conserved diversity Domingo DR pol encoded enzyme eukaryotic evolutionary evolved frequencies gene genetic genome genotype group II introns Holland JJ host population human immunodeficiency virus immune individual infection influenza virus isolates LTR retrotransposons mechanism molecule mosquito motifs Muller's ratchet mutation rates myxoma virus Natl Acad Sci natural selection neutral non-LTR elements non-LTR retrotransposons nucleotide nucleotide sequence parasites pathogenic persistence phage phenotype phylogenetic tree phylogeny plant pol gene poliovirus Press Proc Natl Acad prokaryotic protein quasispecies rabbits recent recombination regions replication residues retro retroelements retrotransposons retroviral retroviruses reverse transcriptase RNA polymerases RNA template RNA viruses segments similar species strains structure substitutions subtypes suggest supergroup synthesis tion transmission V3 loop variation vectors viral evolution Virology virulence virus populations virus type