and preposition. "He expressed the pleasure he had in the hearing of the philosopher," is capable of a different sense from," He expressed the pleasure he had in hearing the philosopher." When, therefore, we wish, for the sake of harmony or variety, to substitute one of these phraseologies for the other, we should previously consider whether they are perfectly similar in the sentiments they convey.

2. The same observations which have been made respecting the effect of the article and participle, appear to be applicable to the pronoun and participle, when they are similarly associated: as, "Much depends on their "observing of the rule, and error will be the consequence of their neglecting of it," instead of "their observing the rule, and their neglecting it." We shall perceive this more clearly, if we substitute a noun for the pronoun :. as, "Much depends upon Tyro's observing of the rule,' &c. But, as this construction sounds rather harshly, it would, in general, be better to express the sentiment in the following, or some other form: "Much depends on the rule's being observed; and error will be the consequence of its being neglected:" or "on observing the rule; and-of neglecting it." This remark may be applied to several other modes of expression to be found in this work; which, though they are contended for as strictly correct, are not always the most eligible, on account of their unpleasant sound. See pages 56, 77,

171-175.

We sometimes meet with expressions like the following: "In forming of his sentences, he was very exact ;" From calling of names, he proceeded to blows." But this is incorrect language; for prepositions do not, like articles and pronouns, convert the participle itself into the nature of a substantive; as we have shown above in the phrase," By observing which." And yet the participle with its adjuncts, may be considered as a substantive phrase in the objective case, governed by the preposition or verb, expressed or understood: as, By promising much, and performing but little, we become despicable." "He studied to avoid expressing himself too severely."

3. As the perfect participle and the imperfect tense are sometimes different in their form, care must be taken that they be not indiscriminately used. It is frequently said, "He begun," for "he began ;"" he run," for " he ran;""

;"❝he drunk," for " he drank;" the participle being here used instead of the imperfect tense: and much more frequently the imperfect tense instead of the participle: as, "I had wrote," for " I had written:" "I was chose," for "I was chosen ;" "I have eat," for, "I have eaten." His words were interwove with sighs;"" were interwoven." "He would have spoke;" "spoken." “He hath bore witness to his faithful servants ;" """ borne." "By this means he over-run his guide;" "over-ran." "The sun has rose;" “risen." "His constitution has been greatly shook, but his mind is too strong to be shook by such causes;" "shaken," in both places. "They were verses wrote on glass;" "written.” "Philosophers have often mistook the source of true happiness :" it ought to be "mistaken.”

The participle ending in ed is often improperly contracted by changing ed into t; as, "In good behaviour, he is not surpast by any pupil of the school." "She was much distrest." They ought to be "surpassed,” “distressed."

RULE XV.

Adverbs, though they have no government of cafe, tenfe, &c. require an appropriate fituation in the fentence, viz. for the most part, before adjectives, after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between the auxiliary and the verb: as, "He made a very sensible discourse; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly, and was attentively heard by the whole affembly."

A few instances of erroneous positions of adverbs may serve to illustrate the rule. "He must not expect to find study agreeable always;" "always agreeable." "We always find them ready when we want them;" " we find them always ready," &c. "Dissertations on the prophe

cies which have remarkably been fulfilled;" "which have been remarkably.” "Instead of looking contemptuously down on the crooked in mind or in body, we should look up thankfully to God who hath made us better;"" instead of looking down contemptuously, &c. we should thankfully look up," &c. "If thou art blessed naturally with a good memory, continually exercise it;" "naturally blessed," &c. " exercise it continually."

Sometimes the adverb is placed with propriety before the verb, or at some distance after it; sometimes be-" tween the two auxiliaries; and sometimes after them both; as in the following examples. "Vice always creeps by degrees, and insensibly twines around us those concealed fetters, by which we are at last completely bound." "He encouraged the English Barons to carry their opposition farther." "They compelled him to declare that he would abjure the realm for ever;" instead of, "to carry farther their opposition ;" and "to abjure for ever the realm." "He has generally been reckoned an honest man :" "The book may always be had at such a place;" in preference to "has been generally ;" and " may be always." "These rules will be clearly understood, after they have been diligently studied,” are preferable to, "These rules will clearly be understood, after they have diligently been studied.”

From the preceding remarks and examples, it appears that no exact and determinate rule can be given for the placing of adverbs, on all occasions. The general rule may be of considerable use; but the easy flow and perspicuity of the phrase, are the things which ought to be chiefly regarded.

The adverb there is often used as an expletive, or as a word that adds nothing to the sense; in which case it precedes the verb and the nominative noun: as, “There is a person at the door;" "There are some thieves in the house;" which would be as well, or better, expressed by saying, "A person is at the door;" "Some thieves are in the house." Sometimes it is made use of to give a small degree of emphasis to the sentence: as, "There

was a man sent from God, whose name was John." When it is applied in its strict sense, it principally follows the verb and the nominative case: as, "The man stands there."

1. The adverb never generally precedes the verb: as, "I never was there ;"" He never comes at a proper time." When an auxiliary is used, it is placed indifferently, either before or after this adverb: as, "He was never seen (or never was seen) to laugh from that time.” Never seems to be improperly used in the following passages. "Ask me never so much dowry and gift.' "If I make my hands never so clean." "Charm he never so wisely." The word "ever" would be more suitable to

the sense.

2. In imitation of the French idiom, the adverb of place where, is often used instead of the pronoun relative and a preposition. "They framed a protestation, where they repeated all their former claims;" i. e. "in which they repeated." "The king was still determined to run forwards, in the same course where he was already, by his precipitate career, too fatally advanced;" i. e. "in which he was." But it would be better to avoid this mode of expression.

The adverbs hence, thence, and whence, imply a preposition; for they signify, "from this place, from that place, from what place.". It seems, therefore, strictly speaking, to be improper to join a preposition with them, because it is superfluous: as, "This is the leviathan, from whence the wits of our age are said to borrow their weapons ;" ;" "An ancient author prophesies from hence." But the origin of these words is little attended to, and the preposition from so often used in construction with them, that the omission of it, in many cases, would seem stiff, and be disagreeable.

The adverbs here, there, where, are often improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead of the adverbs. hither, thither, whither: as, "He came here hastily;" They rode there with speed." They should be, "He came hither;" "They rode thither," &c.

3. We have some examples of adverbs being used for substantives: "In 1687, he erected it into a community

A

time."

of regulars, since when, it has begun to increase in those countries as a religious order;" i. e. "since which time." "A little while and I shall not see you;" i. e. " a short "It is worth their while ;" i. e. " it deserves their time and pains.' But this use of the word rather suits familiar than grave style. The same may be said of the phrase, "To do a thing anyhow;" i. e. "in any manner;" "somehow," i. e. "in some manner.' "Somehow, worthy as these people are, they are under the influence of prejudice."

or,

RULE XVI.

Two negatives, in English, deftroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative as, "Nor did they not perceive him ;" that is, they did perceive him." "His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammatical;" that is, "it is grammatical." It is better to express an affirmation, by a regular affirmative, than by two separate negatives, as in the former sentence: but when one of the negatives is joined to another word, as in the latter sentence, the two negatives form a pleasing and delicate variety of expression.

Some writers have improperly employed two negatives instead of one; as in the following instances: I never did repent of doing good, nor shall not now; nor shall I now." "Never no imitator grew up to his author:" 66 never did any," &c. "I cannot by no means allow him what his argument must prove;" "I cannot by any means," &c. or, "I can by no means.' "Nor let no comforter approach me;' ;" "nor let any comforter," &c. "Nor is danger ever apprehended in such a government, no more than we commonly apprehend danger from thunder or earthquakes:" it should be, "any more.” "Ariosto, Tasso, Galileo, no more than Raphael, were not born in republics." "Neither Ariosto, Tasso, nor Galileo, any more than Raphael, was born in a republic."

RULE XVII.

Prepofitions govern the objective cafe: as, "I have heard a good character of her ;" "From him