A double conjunctive, in two correspondent clauses of a sentence, is sometimes made use of: as, "Had he done this, he had escaped ;"" Had the limitations on the prerogative been, in his time, quite fixed and certain, his integrity had made him regard as sacred, the boundaries of the constitution." The sentence in the common form would have read thus: "If the limitations on the prerogative had been, &c. his integrity would have made him regard," &c.

The particle as, when it is connected with the pronoun such, has the force of a relative pronoun: as, "Let such as presume to advise others, look well to their own conduct;" which is equivalent to, "Let them who presume," &c. But when used by itself, this particle is to be considered as a conjunction, or perhaps as an adverb. See

the KEY.

Qur language wants a conjunction adapted to familiar style, equivalent to notwithstanding. The words for all that, seem to be too low. "The word was in the mouth of every one, but, for all that, the subject may still be a 'secret."

In regard that is solemn and antiquated; because would do much better in the following sentence. "It cannot be otherwise, in regard that the French prosody differs from that of every other language." |

The word except is far preferable to other than. "It admitted of no effectual cure other than amputation.' Except is also to be preferred to all but. "They were happy all but the stranger."

In the two following phrases, the conjunction as is improperly omitted; "Which nobody presumes, or is so sanguine to hope." "I must, however, be so just to

own.

A

A

The conjunction that is often properly omitted, and understood; as, "I beg you would come to me;" "See thou do it not;" instead of " that you would," "that thou do." But in the following and many similar phrases, this conjunction were much better inserted: "Yet it is reason the memory of their virtues remain to posterity." It should be, "yet it is just that the memory," &c.

S

RULE XX.

When the qualities of different things are compared, the latter noun or pronoun is not governed by the conjunction than or as, but agrees with the verb, or is governed by the verb or the prepofition, expreffed or understood: as, "Thou art wifer than I;" that is, than I am. 66 'They loved him more than me;" i. e. more than they loved me." "The fentiment is well expreffed by Plato, but much better by Solomon than him;" that is, "than by him."*'

66

The propriety or impropriety of many phrases, in the preceding as well as in some other forms, may be discovered, by supplying the words that are not expressed; which will be evident from the following instances of erroneous construction. "He can read better than me." "He is as good as her." "Whether I be present or "Who did this? Me." By supplying the words understood in each of these phrases, their impropriety and governing rule will appear: as, "Better than I can read;" "As good as she is ;""Present or not present;" "I did it."

no."

1. By not attending to this rule, many errors have been committed: a number of which is subjoined, as a further caution and direction to the learner. "Thou art a much greater løser than me by his death." "She suf fers hourly more than me." "We contributed a third more than the Dutch, who were obliged to the same proportion more than us." "King Charles, and more than him, the duke and the popish faction, were at liberty to form new schemes." "The drift of all his sermons was, to prepare the Jews for the reception of a prophet mightier than him, and whose shoes he was not worthy to bear." "It was not the work of so eminent an author, as him to whom it was first imputed." "A stone is heavy, and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is

* See the Tenth edition of the Key: Rule xx. The Note,

heavier than them both." "If the king give us leave, we may perform the office as well as them that do." In these passages it ought to be, "I, we, he, they, respectively."

When the relative who immediately follows than, it seems to form an exception to the 20th rule; for in that connexion, the relative must be in the objective case: as, “Alfred, than whom, a greater king never reigned," &c. "Beelzebub, than whom, Satan excepted, none higher sat," &c. It is remarkable that in such instances, if the personal pronoun were used, it would be in the nominative case; as, "A greater king never reigned than he,' that is, "than he was.' "Beelzebub, than he," &c.; that is, "than he sat." The phrase than whom, is, however, avoided by the best modern writers.

RULE XXI.

To avoid difagreeable repetitions, and to exprefs our ideas in few words, an ellipfis, or omiffion of fome words, is frequently admitted. Inftead of faying, "He was a learned man, he was a wife man, and he was a good man ;" we make ufe of the ellipfis, and fay, "He was a learned, wife, and good man.”

When the omiffion of words would obfcure the fentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an impropriety, they must be expreffed. In the fen"the tence, "We are apt to love who love us,' word them fhould be supplied." A beautiful field and trees," is not proper language. “Beautiful fields and trees;" or, field and fine trees.' ""

It should be, "A beautiful

Almost all compounded sentences are more or less elliptical; some examples of which may be seen under the different parts of speech.

1. The ellipsis of the article is thus used; "A man, woman, and child :" that is, "a man, a woman, and a child." "A house and garden;" that is, " a house and

a garden." "The sun and moon;" that is, "the sun and the moon." "The day and hour;" that is, “the day and the hour." In all these instances, the article being once expressed, the repetition of it becomes unnecessary. There is, however, an exception to this observation, when some peculiar emphasis requires a repetition; as in the following sentence. "Not only the year, but the day and the hour." In this case, the ellipsis of the last article would be improper. When a different form of the article is requisite, the article is also properly repeated: as, a house and an orchard;" instead of,

"a house and orchard."

2. The noun is frequently omitted in the following manner. "The laws of God and man;" that is, "the laws of God and the laws of man." In some very emphatical expressions, the ellipsis should not be used: as, "Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God;" which is more emphatical than, "Christ the power and wisdom of God."

manner.

3. The ellipsis of the adjective is used in the following "A delightful garden and orchard;" that is, a delightful garden and a delightful orchard;” “A little man and woman;" that is, "A little man and a little woman." In such elliptical expressions as these, the adjective ought to have exactly the same signification, and to be quite as proper, when joined to the latter substantive as to the former; otherwise the ellipsis should not be admitted.

Sometimes the ellipsis is improperly applied to nouns of different numbers: as, "A magnificent house and gardens.' In this case it is better to use another adjective; as, "A magnificent house and fine gardens."

4. The following is the ellipsis of the pronoun. "I love and fear him;" that is, "I love him, and I fear him." "My house and lands;" that is, "my house and my lands." In these instances the ellipsis may take place with propriety; but if we would be more express and emphatical, it must not be used: as, "His friends and his foes;" "My sons and my daughters."

In some of the common forms of speech, the relative pronoun is usually omitted: as, "This is the man they love" instead of, "This is the man whom they love." "These are the goods they bought;" for, "These are the goods which they bought."

In complex sentences, it is much better to have the relative pronoun expressed: as it is more proper to say, "The posture in which I lay," than, "In the posture I lay:" "The horse on which I rode, fell down;" than "The horse I rode, fell down.”

The antecedent and the relative connect the parts of a sentence together, and, to prevent obscurity and confu sion, should answer to each other with great exactness. "We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen." Here the ellipsis is manifestly improper, and ought to be supplied: as, "We speak that which we do now, and testify that which we have seen."

5. The ellipsis of the verb is used in the following in-stances. "The man was old and crafty ;" that is, "the man was old, and the man was crafty." "She was young, and beautiful, and good;" that is, "She was young, she was beautiful, and she was good." "Thou art poor, and wretched, and miserable, and blind, and naked." If we would fill up the ellipsis in the last sentence, thou art ought to be repeated before each of the adjectives.

If, in such enumeration, we choose to point out one property above the rest, that property must be placed last, and the ellipsis supplied: as, "She is young and beautiful, and she is good."

"I went to see and hear him;" that is, "I went to see him, and I went to hear him." In this instance there is not only an ellipsis of the governing verb I went, but likewise of the sign of the infinitive mood, which is go-verned by it.

Do, did, have, had, shall, will, may, might, and the rest S. 2