Thermal Analysis of Polymeric MaterialsThermal analysis is an old technique. It has been neglected to some degree because developments of convenient methods of measurement have been slow and teaching of the understanding of the basics of thermal analysis is often wanting. Flexible, linear macromolecules, also not as accurately simply called polymers, make up the final, third, class of molecules which only was identified in 1920. Polymers have neverbeenfullyintegratedintothedisciplinesofscienceandengineering. Thisbook is designed to teach thermal analysis and the understanding of all materials, flexible macromolecules, as well as those of the small molecules and rigid macromolecules. The macroscopic tool of inquiry is thermal analysis, and the results are linked to microscopic molecular structure and motion. Measurements of heat and mass are the two roots of quantitative science. The macroscopic heat is connected to the microscopic atomic motion, while the macroscopic mass is linked to the microscopic atomic structure. The macroscopic unitsofmeasurementofheatandmassarethejouleandthegram,chosentobeeasily discernable by the human senses. The microscopic units of motion and structure are 12 10 the picosecond (10 seconds) and the ångstrom (10 meters), chosen to fit the atomic scales. One notes a factor of 10,000 between the two atomic units when expressed in “human” units, second and gram—with one gram being equal to one cubic centimeter when considering water. Perhaps this is the reason for the much better understanding and greater interest in the structure of materials, being closer to human experience when compared to molecular motion. |
Contents
V | 1 |
VI | 3 |
VII | 6 |
VIII | 9 |
X | 11 |
XI | 13 |
XII | 22 |
XIII | 24 |
CL | 396 |
CLI | 402 |
CLII | 404 |
CLIII | 406 |
CLIV | 408 |
CLV | 412 |
CLVI | 419 |
CLVII | 424 |
XIV | 25 |
XV | 27 |
XVI | 31 |
XVII | 32 |
XVIII | 33 |
XIX | 37 |
XX | 40 |
XXI | 41 |
XXII | 43 |
XXIII | 47 |
XXV | 50 |
XXVI | 58 |
XXVII | 62 |
XXVIII | 63 |
XXIX | 65 |
XXX | 66 |
XXXI | 68 |
XXXII | 71 |
XXXIII | 75 |
XXXIV | 76 |
XXXV | 79 |
XXXVI | 81 |
XXXVII | 84 |
XXXVIII | 88 |
XL | 90 |
XLI | 91 |
XLII | 94 |
XLIII | 96 |
XLIV | 98 |
XLV | 101 |
XLVII | 104 |
XLVIII | 106 |
XLIX | 111 |
L | 117 |
LI | 118 |
LII | 121 |
LIII | 128 |
LIV | 131 |
LV | 134 |
LVIII | 136 |
LX | 137 |
LXI | 138 |
LXII | 139 |
LXIII | 140 |
LXIV | 142 |
LXV | 144 |
LXVI | 147 |
LXVII | 148 |
LXVIII | 154 |
LXIX | 155 |
LXX | 158 |
LXXI | 159 |
LXXII | 162 |
LXXIII | 167 |
LXXIV | 169 |
LXXV | 175 |
LXXVI | 176 |
LXXVII | 178 |
LXXVIII | 181 |
LXXIX | 184 |
LXXX | 189 |
LXXXI | 193 |
LXXXII | 196 |
LXXXIII | 198 |
LXXXIV | 200 |
LXXXV | 201 |
LXXXVI | 206 |
LXXXVII | 212 |
LXXXVIII | 214 |
LXXXIX | 215 |
XC | 217 |
XCI | 218 |
XCII | 219 |
XCIII | 221 |
XCIV | 224 |
XCV | 225 |
XCVI | 227 |
XCVII | 229 |
XCVIII | 230 |
XCIX | 231 |
C | 233 |
CI | 238 |
CII | 240 |
CIII | 242 |
CIV | 246 |
CV | 249 |
CVI | 253 |
CVII | 255 |
CVIII | 256 |
CIX | 257 |
CX | 259 |
CXI | 260 |
CXII | 263 |
CXIII | 264 |
CXIV | 276 |
CXV | 279 |
CXVI | 283 |
CXVII | 285 |
CXVIII | 290 |
CXIX | 291 |
CXX | 293 |
CXXI | 298 |
CXXII | 304 |
CXXIV | 307 |
CXXV | 310 |
CXXVI | 312 |
CXXVII | 314 |
CXXVIII | 317 |
CXXIX | 319 |
CXXXI | 320 |
CXXXII | 325 |
CXXXIII | 327 |
CXXXIV | 329 |
CXXXV | 331 |
CXXXVI | 335 |
CXXXVII | 338 |
CXXXVIII | 340 |
CXXXIX | 344 |
CXL | 349 |
CXLI | 350 |
CXLII | 354 |
CXLIII | 355 |
CXLIV | 359 |
CXLV | 362 |
CXLVI | 369 |
CXLVII | 373 |
CXLVIII | 385 |
CXLIX | 388 |
CLVIII | 428 |
CLIX | 430 |
CLX | 437 |
CLXI | 438 |
CLXII | 439 |
CLXIII | 443 |
CLXIV | 444 |
CLXV | 446 |
CLXVI | 448 |
CLXVII | 450 |
CLXVIII | 455 |
CLXIX | 457 |
CLXXI | 458 |
CLXXII | 460 |
CLXXIII | 463 |
CLXXIV | 468 |
CLXXV | 471 |
CLXXVI | 474 |
CLXXVII | 481 |
CLXXVIII | 483 |
CLXXIX | 486 |
CLXXX | 488 |
CLXXXI | 493 |
CLXXXII | 497 |
CLXXXIII | 503 |
CLXXXIV | 508 |
CLXXXV | 512 |
CLXXXVII | 516 |
CLXXXVIII | 524 |
CLXXXIX | 530 |
CXC | 533 |
CXCI | 536 |
CXCIII | 538 |
CXCIV | 541 |
CXCV | 542 |
CXCVI | 544 |
CXCVII | 547 |
CXCIX | 551 |
CC | 555 |
CCI | 558 |
CCII | 561 |
CCIII | 571 |
CCIV | 572 |
CCVI | 574 |
CCVII | 575 |
CCVIII | 578 |
CCIX | 579 |
CCX | 583 |
CCXI | 586 |
CCXII | 591 |
CCXIII | 593 |
CCXIV | 597 |
CCXV | 598 |
CCXVI | 599 |
CCXVII | 600 |
CCXVIII | 605 |
CCXIX | 607 |
CCXX | 609 |
CCXXI | 611 |
CCXXII | 624 |
CCXXIV | 628 |
CCXXV | 634 |
CCXXVI | 637 |
CCXXVII | 639 |
CCXXVIII | 641 |
CCXXIX | 644 |
CCXXX | 649 |
CCXXXI | 652 |
CCXXXII | 655 |
CCXXXIII | 666 |
CCXXXIV | 668 |
CCXXXV | 672 |
CCXXXVI | 682 |
CCXXXVIII | 686 |
CCXXXIX | 689 |
CCXL | 693 |
CCXLI | 698 |
CCXLII | 701 |
CCXLIII | 706 |
CCXLIV | 709 |
CCXLV | 712 |
CCXLVI | 714 |
CCXLVII | 717 |
CCXLVIII | 723 |
CCXLIX | 725 |
CCL | 733 |
CCLI | 743 |
CCLII | 747 |
CCLIII | 756 |
CCLIV | 759 |
CCLV | 763 |
CCLVI | 766 |
CCLVII | 768 |
CCLVIII | 772 |
CCLIX | 774 |
777 | |
CCLXI | 780 |
CCLXII | 781 |
CCLXIII | 783 |
CCLXIV | 784 |
CCLXV | 785 |
CCLXVI | 786 |
CCLXVII | 787 |
CCLXIX | 789 |
CCLXX | 792 |
CCLXXII | 793 |
CCLXXIII | 797 |
CCLXXIV | 798 |
CCLXXV | 799 |
CCLXXVI | 801 |
CCLXXVII | 806 |
CCLXXVIII | 811 |
CCLXXIX | 813 |
CCLXXX | 815 |
CCLXXXI | 817 |
CCLXXXII | 818 |
CCLXXXIII | 820 |
CCLXXXIV | 824 |
CCLXXXV | 831 |
CCLXXXVI | 835 |
CCLXXXVII | 837 |
CCLXXXVIII | 848 |
CCLXXXIX | 850 |
CCXC | 851 |
CCXCI | 852 |
855 | |
875 | |
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Common terms and phrases
amorphous amplitude annealing atoms bonds calculated calorimeter calorimetry chain Chem chemical cold crystallization components condis constant cooling copolymers cryst crystallinity curve decrease derived described in Sect discussed in Sect Endotherm energy enthalpy entropy entropy of fusion equation equilibrium example exotherm experimental extended-chain fibers Figure flexible fraction free enthalpy frequency function given in Fig glass transition temperature Heat Capacity J/(K heat of fusion heat-flow rate heating rate helix illustrated in Fig increase indicated K/min kinetics lamellar length linear liquid crystals macromolecules measurement melting peak melting temperature mesophase metastable modulation molar mass molecular molecules monomer motion nucleation phase diagram poly(ethylene terephthalate poly(oxymethylene polyethylene Polymer Sci polymerization polystyrene possible pressure quasi-isothermal TMDSC reaction repeating units reversible melting reversing heat capacity rotation sample schematic semicrystalline shown in Fig shows solid solution specific heat capacity standard DSC thermal analysis thermodynamic thermogravimetry vibrations volume Wunderlich zero