EUI Working Paper: SPS

19th century absolutist monarchies abundant arrows Austrian autocratic Britain British capital cause century Change competitive consequences constitutional monarchies consumers continent contrast costs countries democracy democratic convergence Denmark depending develop distributive domestic dumping effects empire empower Europe European exception export fact factor endowments firms foreign France free trade Germany Giandomenico MAJONE given governments growth History Ideas important included increase industry instance Institute interests International intra-industry trade Italy labor land lines logrolling manufactures markets military negative Netherlands occurred OECD countries openness organized period Political postwar preferences present promote protection protectionist Prussia reason reduce reflect regime convergence regime divergence regime types regimes empower relative remained respective restoration result rise rule scale economies scarce sectors similar simultaneous Social specialization subsidies Sweden Switzerland Table tariffs technological theory tion trade flows trade liberalization trend turn United whereas