Atmospheric Tides: Thermal and GravitationalEveryone is familiar with the daily changes of air temperature. The barometer shows that these are accompanied by daily changes of mass distribution of the atmosphere, and consequently with daily motions of the air. In the tropics the daily pressure change is evident on the barographs; in temperate and higher latitudes it is not noticeable, being overwhelmed by cyclonic and anticyclonic pressure variations. There too, however, the daily change can be found by averaging the variations over many days; and the same process suffices to show that there is a still smaller lunar tide in the atmosphere, first sought by Laplace. Throughout nearly two centuries these 'tides', thermal and gravitational, have been extensively discussed in the periodical literature of science, although they are very minor phenomena at ground level. This monograph summarizes our present knowledge and theoretical under standing of them. It is more than twenty years since the appearance of the one previous monograph on them - by Wilkes - and nearly a decade since they were last comprehensively reviewed, by Siebert. The intervening years have seen many additions to our know ledge of the state of the upper atmosphere, and of the tides there, on the basis of measurements by radio, rockets and satellites. |
Contents
II | 1 |
III | 4 |
IV | 6 |
V | 7 |
VI | 10 |
VII | 11 |
VIII | 12 |
IX | 13 |
XLIII | 80 |
XLIV | 81 |
XLVI | 82 |
XLVII | 84 |
XLVIII | 86 |
XLIX | 91 |
L | 93 |
LI | 95 |
X | 14 |
XI | 15 |
XII | 18 |
XIII | 19 |
XIV | 21 |
XV | 22 |
XVI | 23 |
XVII | 24 |
XVIII | 25 |
XIX | 26 |
XX | 28 |
XXI | 31 |
XXIII | 35 |
XXIV | 37 |
XXV | 38 |
XXVI | 43 |
XXVIII | 44 |
XXIX | 46 |
XXX | 48 |
XXXII | 50 |
XXXIII | 56 |
XXXIV | 62 |
XXXV | 63 |
XXXVI | 66 |
XXXVII | 67 |
XXXIX | 69 |
XL | 72 |
XLI | 74 |
XLII | 78 |
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Common terms and phrases
amplitude amplitude and phase annual mean associated Legendre functions atmospheric tide average B₁ B₂ barometric Bartels Batavia calculations Chapman coefficients colatitude corresponding daily variations denotes density determined dial points dissipation distribution diurnal diurnal and semidiurnal diurnal oscillation earth equator equilines equivalent depths Figure geomagnetic given gravitational gravity waves Greenwich ground harmonic analysis harmonic dial Haurwitz and Cowley height Hough functions hourly values integer ionosphere Kertz L₂ L₂(p Laplace's latitude Lindzen longitude lunar daily lunar day lunar phase lunar tidal m/sec Mauritius mean lunar mean solar meridian meteorological method modes moon Newtonian cooling obtained oscillation ozone period propagation resonance rotation S₁ S₂ S₂(p Section semidiurnal component semidiurnal variation shown Siebert solar day solar diurnal solar hours solar semidiurnal solutions spherical harmonic stations surface pressure oscillation Table theoretical thermotidal tidal fields upper atmosphere vector vertical viscosity wave number