Thought and Letters in Western Europe, A.D. 500 to 900

abbot Alcuin amongst Annals Augustine became Bede Bede's Benedict Beowulf Bible bishop Boethius Carolingian Carolingian Age Cassiodorus chapters Charlemagne Charles Charles the Bald Christ Christian Chronicle Church classical commentary compiled composed contemporary copied death Donatist earlier early ecclesiastical edition eighth century Einhard emperor Empire Epist example extant manuscripts Frankish Fulda Gaul German Gospel Greek Gregory Gregory of Tours hagiography homilies Hrabanus ibid Irish Isidore Italy Jerome Jerome's king language later Latin version letters liberal arts literary literature liturgical Lupus medieval Middle Ages monastery monastic monks ninth century Notker pagan passages Paul the Deacon poem poet poetic poetry Pope prose pupils Ratramnus religious rhetoric Roman Rome ruler saints scholars script scriptorium secular Sedulius Sedulius Scottus sources St Gall survived teacher teaching Theodulfus theological thou translation treatise Tyconius verse Virgil Visigothic words writings written