he advances more forcible reasons. I shall walk in the fields to-day unless it rains. As the governess were present, the children behaved properly. She disapproved the measure, because it were very improper. Though he be high, he hath respect to the lowly.

Note IV. Lest and that, annexed to a command preceding, necessarily require the elliptical form of the Subjunctive Mood; and if,with but followng it,when futurity is denoted, also require the elliptical form.

Examples to be corrected under Note IV.

Despise not any condition lest it happens to be your own. Let him that is sanguine, take heed lest he miscarries. Take care that thou breakest not any of the established rules. If he does but intimate his desire, it will be sufficient to produce obedience. At the time of his return, if he is but expert in the business, he will find employment. If he do but speak to display his abilities, he is unworthy of attention. If he be but in health, I am content. Though he do praise her, it is only for her beauty. If thou dost not forgive, perhaps thou wilt not be forgiven. If thou do sincerely believe the truths of religion, act accordingly. Unless he learns faster he will be no scholar. Though he falls he shall not be utterly cast down. On condition that he comes, I will consent to stay.

Note V. The Imperfect Tense, and all the compound Tenses of the Subjunctive, retain the same termination with the Conjunction, that they would, in any other mood, without it. This Note applies to all Verbs except the Neuter Verb Be, this verb when in the subjunctive Mood, varies its form from the Indicative, in the Imperfect as well as the Present Tense.

Examples to be corrected under Note V.

If thou have promised, be faithful to thy engagement. Though he have proved his right to submission, he is too generous to exact it. Unless he have improved, he is unfit for the office. If thou had succeeded, perhaps thou would not be the happier for it. Though thou did injure him, he harbors no resentment. Was he ever so great and opulent, this conduct would debase him. Was I to enumerate all her virtues, it would look like flattery. Though I was perfect, yet I would not presume. Unless thou can fairly support the cause, give it up honorably. Though thou might have foreseen the danger, thou could not have avoided it.

Note VI. When the qualities of different things are compared, the latter Noun or Pronoun, is not governed by the Conjunction than or as, but agrees with a Verb, or is governed by a Verb or a Preposition expressed or understood; as, "thou art wiser than I;" that is, "than I am.” "They loved him more than me;" that is, "more than they loved me." "The sentiment is well expressed by Plato; but much better by Solomon than him; that is, "than by him.".

Examples to be corrected under Note VI.

In some respects, we have had as many advantages as them; but in the article of a good library, they have had a greater privilege than us. The undertaking was much better executed by his brother than he. They are much greater gainers than me by this unexpected event. They know how to write as well as him; but he is a much better grammarian than them. Though she is not so learned as him, she is as much beloved and respected. These people, though they possess more shining qualities, are not so proud as him, or so vain as her.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES IN FALSE SYNTAX.

To be corrected by the preceding Rules and Notes.

Several additions have been made to the work. The first proposal was essentially different and inferior to the second. He is more bold and active, but not so wise and studious as his companion. Thou hearest the sound of the wind, but thou canst not tell whence it cometh, and whither it goeth. Neither has he, nor any other persons, suspected so much dissimulation. The court of France, or England was to be the umpire. In the reign of Henry II. all foreign commodities were plenty in England. There is no talent so useful towards success in business, or which puts men more out of the reach of accidents, than that quality generally possessed by persons of cool temper, and is, in common language, called discretion. The first project was to shorten discourse, by cutting polysyllables into one. I shall do all I can to persuade others to take the same measures for their cure which I have. The greatest masters of critical learning differ among one another. Micaiah said, if thou certainly return in peace, then hath not the Lord spoken by me. I do not suppose, that we Britons want a genius more than the rest of our neighbors. The deaf man whose ears were opened, and his tongue loosened, doubtless glorified the great Physician. Groves, fields and meadows, are at any season of the year, pleasant to look upon; but never so much as in the opening of the spring. The multitude rebuked them, because they should hold their peace. The intentions of some of these Philosophers, nay, of many, might and probably were good. It is an unanswerable argument of a refined age, the wonderful civilities that have passed between the nation of authors, and that of readers. It was an unsuccessful undertaking; which, although it has failed, is no objection at all to an enterprize so well concerted. The reward is his due, and it has already, or will hereafter, be given to him. By intercourse with wise and experienced persons, who know the world, we may improve and rub off the rust of a private and retired education. Sincerity is as valuable, and even more valuable, than knowledge. No person was ever so perplexed, or sustained the mortification, as he has done to day. The Romans gave, not only the freedom of the city, but capacity for employments, to several towns in Gaul, Spain, and Germany. Such writers have no other standard on which to form themselves, except what chances to be fashionable and popular. Whatever we do secretly, shall be displayed and heard in the clearest light. To the happiness of possessing a person of such uncommon merit, Boethius soon had the satisfaction of obtaining the highest honor his country could bestow.

PROSODY.

PROSODY Consists of two parts; the former teaches the true pronunciation of words, comprising Accent, Quantity, Emphasis, Pause, and Tone; and the latter, the laws of Versification.

ACCENT.-Accent is the laying of a peculiar stress of the voice on a certain letter or syllable in a word, that it may be better heard than the rest, or distinguished from them; as in the word presume, the stress of the voice must be on the letter u, and second syllable sume, which takes the accent.

QUANTITY.-The quantity of a syllable is that time which is occupied in pronouncing it. It is considered as long or short.

A vowel or syllable is long, when the accent is on the vowel, which occasions it to be slowly joined, in pronunciation, to the following letter ; as, "Fall, bale, mood, house, feature."

A syllable is short, when the accent is on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letter; as, “ant, bonnet, hunger."

A long syllable requires double the time of a short one in pronouncing it: Thus, "Mate" and "Note" should be pronounced as slowly again, as "Mat" and "Not."

EMPHASIS. By emphasis is meant a stronger and fuller sound of voice, by which we distinguish some word or words on which we design to lay particular stress, and to show how they affect the rest of the sentence. Sometimes the emphatic words must be distinguished by a particular tone of voice, as well as by a greater stress.

PAUSES.-Pauses or rests, in speaking and reading, are a total cessation, of the voice, during a perceptible, and, in many cases, a measurable space of time.

VERSIFICATION.

VERSIFICATION, or Poetry, is a species of composition, made according to certain harmonious measures, or proportions of sound.

Rhyme is that kind of poetry in which the terminating sound of one line, agrees with that of another; as,

Go tell my son said he,

All thou hast heard of me.

Blank verse, like other poetry, is measured, but does not rhyme; as,

All on earth is shadow; all beyond

Is substance: the reverse is folly's creed.

OF POETICAL FEET.

A certain number of syllables, connected, form a foot. They are called feet, because it is by their aid that the voice, as it were, steps along through the verse in a measured pace: and it is necessary that the syllables, which mark this regular movement of the voice, should, in some way, be distinguised from the others.

Feet are all reducible to eight kinds; four of two syllables, and four of three syllables; viz.

A Trochee has the first syllable accented and the last unaccented; as, hateful, pēttish.

Restless mortals toil for nōught;

Bliss in vain from earth is sought.

An Iambus has the first syllable unaccented, and the last accented; as, dělay, běhōld.

And may ǎt last my weary age,

Find out the peaceful hermitage.

A Spondee has both the words or syllables accented; as, a high tree, the pale moon.

See the bold youth strain up the threatning steep.

Old time brings mān to his lōng hōme.

A Pyrrhick has both the words or syllables unaccented; as, on the tall tree.

In ǎ small stream, by the side of ǎ mountain,

We bath'd with delight.

A Dactyl has the first syllable accented, and the last two unaccented; as, conqueror, horriblě.

From the low pleasures of this făllen nature,

Rise we to higher, &c.

An Amphibrach has the first and last syllable unaccented, and the middle one accented; as, dělightful, ămāzing.

The piece you say is incorrect, whỹ take it,

I'm all submission, what you'd have it make it.

An Anapest has the two first syllables unaccented, and the last accented; as incommode, contravene.

May I gōvěrn my passions with absolute sway,
And grow wiser and better, as life fades away.

A Tribrach has all its syllables unaccented; as, uupardonăble, innumĕrăblě

And rolls impetuous to the plain.

Some of these feet may be denominated principal feet; as pieces of poetry may be wholly, or chiefly formed of any of them. Such are the Trochee, Iambus, Dactyl, and Änapæst. They are capable also of numerous variations by mixing them with each other, and by the admission of the secondary feet. The Spondee, Pyrrhick, Amphibrach, and Tribrach, are secondary feet.

Measure, in poetry, is the number of syllables or feet contained in a line. The measures that are most in use, are those of ten, eight, and seven syllables: but the Iambick, Trochaick, and Anapastick verse, is sometimes very short, and sometimes long measure.

DIRECTIONS RESPECTING THE USE OF CAPITAL LETTters.

CAPITALS are used in the following situations.

1. At the beginning of every principal word in the titles of books, chapters, &c. as, "Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language; Rollin's Ancient History."

2. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other piece of writing.

3. The beginning of the first word after a period; and if the two sentences are totally independent, after a note of interrogation or exclamation. But, if a number of interrogative or exclamatory sentences are thrown into one general group; or, if the construction of the latter sentence depends on the former, all of them except the first, may begin with small letters; as, "How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning? and fools hate knowledge? "Alas! how different! yet how like the same!"

4. The first word of a quotation, introduced after a semicolon, or when it is in a direct form; as, “Always remember this maxim; 'Know thyself.'"

5. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, must always be capitals; as "I write; Hear, O earth."

6. At the beginning of every line in poetry.

7. All names, epithets, or qualities of our Creator, are always begun, if not wholly written, with capitals; as, GoD, LORD, Supreme Being, Almighty, Most High, Divine Providence. The word heaven must always begin with a capital, when used as the name of the King of heaven; as, "May Heaven prosper you." But when it is used as the name of the abode of the blessed, it may begin with a small letter, except at the beginning of a sentence; as, "The angels of heaven.” "The Lord of heaven and earth."

8. All proper names, of whatever description, must begin with capitals; of persons, heathen, gods and goddesses, brutes, the planets,* the fixed stars and constellations, countries, kingdoms, states, cities, towns, streets, islands, mountains, rivers, ships, seas, oceans, &c. as, Benjamin Franklin ; Sir Isaac Newton; the Allegany Mountains; the Ohio River; Lake Superior; the Red Sea; the Frigate Guerriere. Also all adjectives derived from proper names; as, the Newtonian System; Grecian, Roman, American, French, Italian, &c.

* Earth excepted.