34 VARIATIONS OF THE DEFECTIVE AND AUXILIARY VERBS. Have varies both in the second and third persons. Must has no variation. Quoth is also a de-... fective verb, and has no variation, The other defective verbs vary only in the second person singular; thus, Plural. Singular. Present May, May, Imperfect Might, Might-st, Might, Can-st, Can, Could-st, Could, Might, Shal-t, Shall, Shall, Should-st, Should, Should, Wil-t, Will, Will. Would-st, Would, Would, Has-t, Has, Have, Had-st, Had, Had, Ought. EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM ON THE RIGHT HAND PAGE. This Diagram is divided into two squares, to represent the tenses of the Infinitive Mood. The first square represents the present tense, which is formed by prefixing to, the sign of the infinitive mood, to the verb (go) as is indicated by the line of reference connecting the former with the latter---forming the phrase, to go. The second square represents the perfect tense, which is formed by prefixing to have to the perfect participle (gone) as is indicated by the line of reference connecting the former with the latter ---forming the phrase, to have gone. When a verb in the infinitive mood follows make, need, see, bid, dare, feel, hear, let, say, know, have, observe, behold, perceive, or their participles, the sign to is omitted; as, I make him study.--I bade him do it. Exceptions. The sign To is sometimes employed after needs, know, have, &c. as in the followe ing examples, and some others. "Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, As to be hated needs but to be seen "--Pope. "One needs no more than to observe how strongly we are touched by mere pictures." The use of to after need is frequent among the best writers, especially, when there are any intervening words. Have, denoting possession or obligation, is generally followed by to; as, "I have to write daily"-"I had to do this." When have implies volition, to is generally omitted; as, "Would they have us reject so good an offer?" The infinitive mood is often made absolute, or used independently on the rest of the sentence, supplying the place of the conjunction that, with the potential mood; as," To confess the truth, I was in fault;""To begin with the first;" "To proceed;" "To conclude;" that is, "That I may confess," &c. INFINITIVE MOOD. The Infinitive Mood expresses an action or event, in a general and unlimited manner, without regard to number, or person. It has but two tenses; viz. the present and the perfect. Rule 13. The infinitive mood may be governed by a verb, noun, adjective, or participle. EXAMPLES TO BE PARSED, In which it is required of the pupil, (in addition to the preceding exercises,) to distinguish, conjugate, and parse, the several verbs, in the infinitive mood, and to apply Rule 13. He promised to go immediately. They intended to destroy their enemies. He ought to embrace the first opportunity. The boy ought to have studied grammar earlier. She expects to see her friends from the country. No person can expect to improve without application. We see many persons conduct themselves very foolishly. He will not let the people go. He made each man perform his duty. He saw the fleet enter the harbour. He began to figure to himself the miseries of confinement. She resolved to do good and to avoid evil, without regard to the opinions of men. I dare say he will arrive in season. QUESTIONS. How does the infinitive mood express an action or event? How many tenses has it ?---What are they called?--- What is called the sign of the inanitive mood?---What are the signs of the perfect tense?---How is the present tense of the infinitive mood formed? --How is the perfect tense formed? --Is the sign to always prefixed to a verb in the infinitive mood ?---When should it be omitted? VARIATIONS OF THE DEFECTIVE AND AUXILIARY VERBS. Have varies both in the second and third persons. Must has no variation. Quoth is also a defective verb, and has no variation. The other defective verbs vary only in the second person singular; thus, EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAM ON THE RIGHT HAND PAGE. The Diagrams representing the Indicative, the Subjunctive, the Potential, and the Infinitive Moods, are subdivided to indicate the number of tenses in each mood; viz. that for the Indicative Mood, into six squares, to show that, that mood has six tenses; that for the Subjunctive, into the same number; that for the Potential into four; that for the Infinitive into two; but the Imperative, having but one tense, the Diagram representing it, remains entire. As verbs vary for person and number, as well as for mood and tense, it has been thought more convenient and useful, (on the page opposite each Diagram) to present the verb with reference only to its variations for person and number, and afterwards to inculcate by means of the Diagrams, the distinctions of mood and tense, By these remarks it is believed that any intelligent pupil will be enabled to conjugate readily and understandingly the following verbs---viz. Write, in the Indicative mood; Study, in the Subjunctive; Strike, in the Potential; Go, in the Infinitive; and March, in the Imperative. After which, he will be able to conjugate any other verb in the same manner, with fluency and correctness. In philosophical strictness, both number and person might be entirely excluded from every verb. They are in fact, the properties of nouns, not a part of the essence of a verb. Even the name of the Imperative Mood, does not always correspond to its nature; for it sometimes petitions as well as commands. But, with respect to these points, the practice of our grammarians is so uniformly fixed, and so analogous to the languages, ancient and modern, which our youth have to study, that it would be an unwarrantable degree of innovation, to deviate from the established terms and arrange ments. IMPERATIVE MOOD. The Imperative Mood is used for commanding, exhorting, entreating, or permitting. It has but one tense and one person; viz: the present tense, and the second person. EXAMPLES TO BE PARSED, In which it is required of the pupil (in addition to the preceding exercises) to distinguish, conjugate, and parse the several verbs in the imperative mood. 66 Study (") thy lesson. Study (") your lessons. Go (") to school in season. Depart ( ") from me immediately. Behave(") well if thou lovest virtue. Imitate (") thy superiors in wisdom. Love (") thy neighbour as thou lovest thyself. Waste (") not thy time. Omit(") no opportunity for improvement. Avoid (") sin, if you desire to escape temptation. He can write elegantly or I have mistaken his exercises. Let (") no man pretend to superior attainments unless he can fairly support his claims. He can excell me if he chooses. The man might have seen his friend if he had asked permission. Betray (") not thy friends. Render (") good things for evil (“). Live (") properly that you may die cheerfully. QUESTIONS. How is the Imperative Mood used ?---How many Tenses has it?---Is the nominative to a verb in this mood generally expressed?---How many Moods are there ?---How does each express an action or event?---How many Tenses has each mood?---Conjugate the verb study in the indicative, subjunctive, potential, infinitive and imperative moods; and tell how the tenses are formed in each. REMARKS ON CONJUGATION. Instead of the form of conjugation already given, which by way of distinction may be denominated the common, or simple form, we often prefix the neuter verb BE, or AM, (as an auxiliary) through all its moods and tenses, to the present participle; thus, I am writing-Thou art writing-He is writing, &c. This may be called the participial form of conjugation. When we mean to express ourselves with energy and positiveness, we prefix the verb Do and its variations as auxiliaries, in forming the、 present and imperfect tenses to the verb; thus, I do write-Thou dost write-He does write, &c. This may with propriety be called the emphatic form. EXAMPLES OF THE THREE FORMS OF COJUGATION. Rule 14. They are writing, IMPERFECT TENSE. Singular Number. Plural Number. We were writing, They were writing, I do write. We do write. Ye do write. I did write. We did write. Ye did write. Verbs connected by conjunctions must be in the same mood and tense, and of the same form of conjugation. EXAMPLES TO BE PARSED, In which it is required of the pupil, (in addition to the preceding exercises) in parsing the verb, to distinguish the form of conjugation, point out the office of the conjunctions, and apply Rule 14. He did tell ( ) his fault, and entreat me to forgive him. If thou sincerely desire, and really seek virtue, thou wilt find her. My friend is writing letters, and sending them abroad. He will succeed, and obtain his end. He rides or walks daily. They are pursuing their enemies, and destroying them with the sword. |