Mechanical metallurgy

alloy angle annealed ASTM atoms axes axis behavior billet brittle fracture Burgers vector cold-worked components compression constant crack creep cycles decrease determined diameter direction dislocation line ductile edge dislocation elastic elongation embrittlement energy engineering equation extrusion factor failure fatigue limit fibers Figure flow curve flow stress force forging friction given grain boundaries hot-working hydrostatic increase indentation lattice length load machining martensite material matrix maximum measured mechanical metallurgy Metals Park modulus necking notch occurs particles percent plane strain plane-strain plastic deformation plastic strain pressure produce properties ratio recrystallization reduction region residual stresses rolling screw dislocation shear stress sheet shown in Fig slip plane slip systems Society for Metals specimen steel strain hardening strain rate stress-strain curve structure surface temperature tensile strength tensile stress tension test tensor thickness tool torsion Trans usually velocity workpiece yield strength yield stress