sent the attachments of the transverse mesocolon and mesentery of the small intestine. The tip of the spleen and the splenic flexure of the colon are seen on the left just below the greater curvature of the stomach.

In Fig. IV. the lungs, stomach, liver and intestines below the duodenum have been removed. The pericardium is seen in situ, the lines on its anterior surface representing the limits of the two pleural sacks. The pleura has not been represented and the ribs and intercostal muscles are seen in the two pleural cavities. The roots of the lungs are shown in section on either side of the pericardium. In the abdominal cavity the duodenum and pancreas are seen.

The former

is shown in its whole length, the second portion overlapping the right kidney and being crossed by the line of attachment of the transverse mesocolon, which extends along the body of the pancreas to the spleen. The third portion is crossed by the line of attachment of the mesentery of the small intestines. There is practically no fourth portion in this case, and though the duodenum with four portions is as a rule the more usual, still one with only three is not at all uncommon. The pancreas is well developed in this case and its tail is in close apposition with the spleen, there being a well marked

impression there for that organ. Fig. V. shows the pancreas and duodenum from behind, these two organs being modeled in one piece. Along the upper border are seen the splenic vessels; passing down behind the body, but in front of the third part of the duodenum are the superior mesenteric vessels. The portal vein and common bile duct, with the pancreatic duct joining it at the second portion of the duodenum, are seen behind the head of the pancreas.

In Fig. VI. the heart and great vessels are exposed. The heart is large and the arch of the aorta rather dilated; this condition is probably due, partly to the age of the subject, and partly to some overdistention from the wax mass. For this latter reason, the beginning of the pulmonary artery does not lie so directly in front of the beginning of the aorta as usual. Across these vessels and the superior vena cava is seen the line of reflection of the pericardium. In front of the trachea is a large vein passing from the thyroid gland to the left innominate vein. Above the gland are the cut ends of the sterno hyoid, sterno thyroid and sterno mastoid muscles. In the abdomen, the duodenum and pancreas have been removed. The left kidney is in its usual position, but the right is displaced downwards and overhangs the brim of the pelvis. This is not due to pathological causes, I think, but is rather of congenital origin, as the right renal vein is given off two inches below the left. The suprarenal capsules are the only artificial part of this model. In the subject they were so very small, of such unusual shape, and the right one separated so far from its kidney, that it was impossible to reproduce them. Those for the suprarenal bodies of another subject were hardened and models made from them, in order to have all the abdominal organs represented. There is a distinct separation between the aorta and superior vena cava. The former bends to the left, and the iliac vessels, especially the left common iliac, are quite tortuous, as if the whole aorta was rather too long for the trunk. There were no

spinal curvatures present, however, to account for this condition, though perhaps over-distention by the wax mass may have had something to do with it.

In Fig. VII. the structures in the posterior mediastinum are shown. The aorta scems large, especially at the arch, and lies somewhat more to the left of the œsophagus than usual, probably for the reason just mentioned. In the abdomen, there is an admirable view of the muscles of the posterior adominal wall, the outlines of which were very distinct in the hardened subject. The diaphragm is shown. with the two crura surrounding the beginning of the abdominal aorta, and the two arched ligaments, the ligamentum arcuatum internum and externum, arching over the psoas and quadratus lumborum. To the outer side of the quadratus lies the transversalis, and below this muscle the iliacus. To the left of the left crus is seen a left azygos vein passing from the inferior vena cava (Fig. VI.) to the left lumbar veins. In the pelvis the peritoneum has been left in place and the termination of the sigmoid flexure and the beginning of the rectum are seen. The external genitals were removed at the pubes, and the corpus spongiosum with the urethra, the corpora cavernosa, and the spermatic cords are seen in section. The trunk was made in paper, just as the various viscera were made, but some plaster has been placed along the spinal column to strengthen it and act as ballast. The whole model is quite light and easy to handle, and weighs with all the viscera in place fourteen and one half pounds.

These models have been found very useful in section teaching, as in the dissecting room the student often fails to get an exact idea of the shape and relations of the various organs, as they are usually soft, and impressions made on them by neighboring viscera are generally absent. There are several details about this model which are unusual or even abnormal,—the shape of the stomach especially, the position of the duodenum and right kidney, the size of the cæcum