RECAPITULATION.

CRITICAL REMARKS.

COMPOSITION.

XIX. ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

288. ENGLISH GRAMMAR teaches us to speak and write the English language correctly.

289. GRAMMAR is divided into four parts, namely,

290.

1. ORTHOGRAPHY,

2. ETYMOLOGY,

3. SYNTAX,

4. PROSODY.

XX. OF ORTHOGRAPHY.

291. ORTHOGRAPHY includes a knowledge of the nature and power of letters, and teaches how to spell words correctly. This part of grammar is usually learned from spelling-books and dictionaries.

292. Orthography means word-making, or spelling.

XXI. OF ETYMOLOGY.

293. ETYMOLOGY teaches how to form, from all the words in the English language, several grand divisions or sorts, commonly called Parts of Speech.

294. It includes a knowledge of the meaning and use of words-also their different changes and derivations. 295. Etymology signifies the origin or pedigree of words.

XIX. What does English grammar teach? 288.

Into how many parts is it divided? 289.
What are they? 290.

XX. What does orthography include and teach? 291.

How is a knowledge of orthography usually obtained? 291.

What does orthography mean? 292.
XXI. What does etymology teach? 293.
What does it include? 294.

What does the word signify? 295.

XXII. OF SYNTAX.

296. SYNTAX teaches how to arrange or form words into sentences correctly.

297. It includes a knowledge of the rules of composition, formed from the practice of the best writers and speakers.

298. Syntax signifies arranging or placing together; or, as used in grammar, sentence-muking.

XXIII. ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX COMBINED.

299. The words of the English language are usually divided into nine sorts, commonly called Parts of Speech,

namely,

NOUN,

ARTICLE,

ADJECTIVE,

300. A noun is the name of any person, place or thing; as, man, London, knife.

301. Nouns are of two kinds, proper and common.

COMMON nouns are general names; that is, they are names common to all individuals of the same kind or sort; as, house, city, river.

302. PROPER Nouns are particular names; that is, they are the names of particular individuals of the same kind or sort; as, George, Boston, Mississippi.

303. When proper names have an article placed before them, they are used as common names; as, "He is the Cicero of his age."

304. When a proper noun admits of a plural, it becomes a common noun ;

XXII. What does syntax teach? 296.
What does it include? 297.

What does the word signify? 298. XXII. How many different sorts of words are there? 299.

What are they? 299.

What are these sorts of words commonly called? 299.

XXIV. What does the word noun mean?*

What is a noun? 300. Give an example.

How many different kinds of nouns are there, and what are they? 301.

31.

What does the word common mean?

What is a common noun? 301. Give an example.

What does proper mean? 34.

What is a proper noun? 302. Give an example.

When proper nouns have an article before them, how are they used? 303. Give an example.

Are proper names used as such in the plural? 304.

Why cannot proper names have a plural? 304.

See L. 1st answer.

as,

"The twelve Caesars," or, "The seven Jameses." This is obvious from the fact, that a proper name is, in its nature, descriptive of one object only, and, therefore, essentially singular. Accordingly, the nouns Spaniard, European, American, &c. are cominon nouns, as well as their plurals, Spaniards, Europeans, Americans, &c.*

305. Commnon nouns may also be used to signify individuals, by the addition of articles or pronouns; as, "The boy is studious;" "That girl is dis

crcet."

306. When a noun signifies many, it is called a noun of multitude, or a collective noun; as, "The people," "The army."

307. Abstract signifies taken from: hence an abstract noun is the name of a quality abstracted from its substance; as, knowledge, goodness, virtue, &c. 308. To nouns belong person, gender, number and case

. XXV. PERSON.

309. When any person, in speaking, introduces his ow name, it is the first person; as, "I, James, of the city of Boston, do give," &c.

310. The name of the person spoken to, is the second person; as, James, come to me.”

311. The name of the person or thing spoken of, or about, is the third person; as, "James has come."

XXVI. GENDER.

312. Gender is the distinction of sex.

313. Nouns have four genders-the masculine, the femi nine, the common, and the neuter.

314. The masculine gender denotes the names of males; as, man, boy, &c.

315. The feminine gender denotes the name of females ; as, woman, girl.

What do they become when so used? 304. Give an example.

What kind of nouns are Spaniard, Americans, Spaniards? 304.

What effect does the use of articles have on common nouns? 305.

What is a noun of multitude, or a collective noun? 306. Give an example. What is an abstract noun ? 307. Give an example.

What belong to nouns? 308.

XXV. When is a noun of the first person? 309. Give an example.

When is a noun of the second person? 310. Give an example.

When is a noun of the third person > 311. Give an example.

XXVI. What does the word gender mean? 14.

What is gender as applied to nouns ' 312.

What does the word masculine mean? 15. What does the masculine gender of nouns denote? 314. Give an example. What does feminine mean? 19. What does the feminine gender denote? 315. Give an example.

Spain is the proper name of a country, and Spaniard has, hy some grammarians, been called the proper name of a people; but the latter is a generic term, characterizing any one of a great number of persons, 5 their connection with Spain-Encyclopædia.

316. The common gender denotes the names of such animals as may be either male or female; as, parent, bird. 317. The neuter gender denotes the names of objects which are neither males nor females; as, chair, table.

318. Some nouns, naturally neuter, do, by a figure of speech, as it is called, become masculine or feminine; as when we say of the sun, He is setting," and of a ship," She sails well," &c.

319. The English language has three methods of distinguishing sex, viz 1 319-1. By different words; as,

319-3. By prefixing a noun, pronoun, or adjective; as,

A hen-sparrow.

A maid-servant.

A she-goat.

A she-bear.

A female chi.d.

Male descendants,

Female descendants.

XXVII. NUMBER.

320. Number shows how many are meant, whether one

or more.

321. Nouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural.

322. The singular number expresses but one; as, boy. 323. The plural number implies more than one; as, boys. 324. Some nouns are used in the singular number only; as, wheat, gold, sloth, pride, dutifulness.

325. Other nouns are used in the plural number only; as, bellows, scissors, lungs, riches, &c.

326. Some nouns are the same in both numbers; as, deer, sheep, swine.

327. The plural number of nouns is regularly formed by addings to the singular; as, sing. dove, plur. doves.

328. The irregular mode of forming the plural is as follows: when the noun singular ends in x, ch, sh, or ss, we add es to form the plural; as, box, boxes; ehurch, churches; lash, lashes; kiss, kisses.

329. Nouns ending in for fe, change these terminations into ves to form the plural; as, loaf, loaves; wife, wives.

cerer? sultan? tiger? tutor? viscount? votary? widower?

Will you spell the masculine correspending to abbess? czarina? duchess? ambassadress? heroine? huntress? poetess? prophetess? widow?

What is the third method of distinguishing sex; as, a man-servant? a maidservant? 319-3.

Will you spell the feminine corresponding to male child? male descendants? XXVII. What does the word number mean? 5.

What does the number of nouns show? 320.

What does singular mean? 6.

What does the singular number of nouns imply? 322. Give an example. What does plural mean? 10. What does the plural number of nouns imply? 323. Give an example.

How are wheat, gold, &c. used? 324. How are bellows, lungs, &c. used? 325. What is said of deer, sheep, &c.? 326. How many numbers do nouns have, and what are they? 321.

How is the plural number regularly formed? 327. Give an example.

When do we add es to form the plural 328. Give an example.

What is the plural of leaf? 329.
What is the rule for it 2 329