393. DISTRIBUTIVE (1.) PRONOUNS. EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and sometimes NEITHER. 394. EACH relates to two or more persons or things, taken separately; as, Each of his brothers is doing well." 395. EVERY relates to several persons or things, and signifies each cze of them, taken separately; as, "Every man innst account for himself." 396. EITHER relates to two persons or things only, taken separately, and signifies the one or the other; as, "I have not seen either." Hence to say, "Either of the three," is incorrect. 397. NEITHER means not either; that is, not one nor the other; as, "Neither of my friends was there." 398. The DEMONSTRATIVE (2.) PRONOUNS are those which precisely point out the things to which they relate. 399. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. Sing. THIS, THAT, FORMER, Plu. THESE. THOSE. FORMER. LATTER. 400. This and these refer to the nearest persons or things,-that and those to the most distant; as, "These gloves are superior to those." "Both wealth and poverty are temptations; that tends to excite pride, this discontent." 401. The INDEFINITE are those that refer to things in an indefinite or general manner. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 402. SOME, OTHER, ANY, ONE, ALL, SUCH, none. these pronouns, one and other are declined like nouns. other is declined in the singular, but it wants the plural. Of An 405. NOTE I. Adjective pronouns and numerals must agree in number with the nouns to which they belong. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "These two books belong to me." 406. These is an ADJECTIVE PRONOUN of the DEMONSTRATIVE kind, in the PLURAL NUMBER, and belongs to books, according to NOTE I. Two is a NUMERAL ADJECTIVE, and belongs to books, by NOTE I. Books, belong, &c. are parsed as before. EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED. "Every man performs his part in creation." "Each man arrived at his station." "Either party can repair the injury." "Some persons cannot acquire "Many people obtain riches with "This man neglects his affairs." "These men might remain with us." "Those men make many pre- 64 ness." By application almost any boy may acquire an honorable rank in his class." "Good and virtuous men will, sooner (1.) or later (1.), attain to happiness." "The old bird feeds her young ones." 407. Ones is an INDEFINITE PRONOUN, representing birds; in the COMMON Gender, third PERSON PLURAL, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by feeds, agreeably to RULE VIII. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. "One boy influences many others." "None act their part to well." "Some scholars study digently; others spend their time in idleness the former will receive praise, the latter censure. We cannot say, "Them run," but "They run" hence, NOTE II. When a noun or pronoun is the subject of the verb, it should be in the nominative case. It is very common for persons in conversation to say, "'Them books,' "Them knives," &c. instead of "Those books," "Those knives," &c. The incorrectness here alluded to consists in substituting a personal in the place of an adjective pronoun: hence, NOTE III. The pronoun them should not be used in the place of these or those. In the phrase, "These two books," &c. will you parse these? two? 405. Will you now take the book, and parse the remaining exercises under Note I? In the phrase, "The old bird feeds her young ones," will you pass ones? 407. Will you correct by Note 1. the following examples, as I read them to you? He will not come this two hours." "I dislike those sort of books." "I have two canes; you may have any of them." Do we say, "They run," or "Them run"? Why? Note II. Will you correct, by Note II. the following ex au ples as I read them to you? (1.) Adverb. SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. Q. Will you compose two sentences, each having a different adjective pronoun? One, having a demonstrative pronoun? One, having an indefinite pronoun used as a noun ? Q. Will you fill up with pronouns suitable to make sense the following phrases? "When Harriet found book, tore, and then flung away. -man likes farm, merchandise," Q. Will you compose a proper example under Rule I.? One under Rule II.? Rule III.? Rule IV. Rule V.? Rule VI.? XXXV. OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 408. In the sentence, "That man is happy, who lives virtuously," the word who is a pronoun, because it stands for a noun (the noun man), and it is a relative, because it relates or refers to this noun in the same sentence: hence, 409. A relative pronoun is a word that usually stands for some noun before it in the same sentence. 410. There are three relative pronouns, viz. 411. WHO, WHICH, and THAT. 412. Who is used in speaking of persons; as, who came." "The man 413. Which is used in speaking of animals or things; as, “The bird which sings," The tree which I planted." 414. Which, however, is used in speaking of persons, when we wish to distinguish one of two individuals, or a particular person among many others; as, "Which of the two is he? Which of them has gone יי? 415. That, as a relative, is often used, in speaking either of persons or things, in the place of who or which; as, "The boy that reads," or, "The boy who reads ;""The bird that flew," or, "The bird which flew;" "The bench that was made," or, "The bench which was made." That is used in preference to who or which, in the following cases 1. In speaking both of persons and things; as, "The man and the beast that I saw, perished." 2. In speaking of children; as, "The child that I met." 3. After the adjective same; as, "He is the same man that we saw yesterday." 4. After the superlative degree; as, ever produced." "He is the wisest man that the world 5. After the relative who; as, "Who that reflects." 415-1. EXCEPTION. That, as a relative, cannot take the preposition immediately before it ; as, "He is the same man with that you were acquainted." For with that, read with whom. It is remarkable, however, that, when the arrangement is a little varied, the word that admits the preposition; as. "He is the same man that you were acquainted with." XXXV. In the sentence, "That man is What is a relative pronoun? 409. What When do we use who? Give an example. 412. When do we use which? Give an example. 413. In what cases do we use which, in speaking of persons? Give an example 414. When may that be used? 415. Is it correct to say, "The child who"? Why not?"The same man who"? Why not? "The wisest man which"? Why not?" Who, who reflects"? Why not? 415; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. What exception is mentioned? 415-1 Give an example. 415-1. 416-1. We can say, "The man who," or "The men who," using the relative who in speaking either of one man or more than one: who, then, is of both numbers, and is thus declined: 417. Which and that are of both numbers, but they are not declined, except that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which; as, "Is other doctrine whose followers are punished?" there any 418. Whose, used in the manner last described, is made to represent three words; as, Philosophy whose end," for "the end of which." 419. Antecedent signifies going before. 66 420. The noun or pronoun which goes before the relative, and to which the relative refers, is therefore called the antecedent of the relative; as, John, who has gone." Here, John is the antecedent of who. 421. When you are told that who, which, and that are relatives, you should not get the impression that the last two are always relatives; for that is a relative only when it is used in the sense of who or which; that is, when who or which may be used in its place, without destroying the sense; as, "Here the knife that I found," which can be altered to "Here is the knife which I found," without injury to the sense. 422. That, when it points out or specifies some particular person or thing, is reckoned an adjective pronoun. When not used as a relative, nor as an adjective pronoun, it is reckoned a conjunction; as, "He studies that he may learn." 423. Hence it appears that the word that may be used sometimes as a relative pronoun, sometimes as an adjective pronoun, and sometimes as a conjunc tion. 424. Since relative pronouns stand for nouns, as well as personal pronouns, they should therefore agree with nouns in the saine particulars and be the same rule. RULE V. will therefore apply to both. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. “That man is happy who lives virtuously.” 425. That is a DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN, of the SINGULAR NUMBER, and belongs to man, by NOTE I. Who is a RELATIVE PRONOUN, of the MASCULINE GENDER, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with man, by RULE V. It is in the NOMINATIVE CASE to lives, according to RULE VI. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. "That man is fortunate who es- "I met the same man in the mar capes censure. "The girl whom I saw, perished." How many numbers has who? 416. What exception to this? 417. What is the meaning of antecedent? 419. What is the antecedent of a pronoun? Give an example. 420. Is that always a relative? 421. When is it a relative? Give an example. 421. ket to-day (1.), that I met yesterday in the street." When is that an adjective pronoun ? Give an example. 422. When a conjunction? Give an exam ple. 422. How many different parts of speech may that represent? 423. What is the rule for the agreement of relative pronouns ? 424. Will you parse that in the phrase, "That man"? 425. In the sentence, "That man is happy who lives virtuously," will you parso who? 425. Will you now take the book, and parse the remaining exercises? (1.) Adverb. "You, who came first, should retire first." "You taught the boy whose hat I found." "That house, which stands on the hill, once (1) belonged to me." "The boy whom I instruct learns well." SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "The man which I saw." 426. Incorrect; because, in speaking of persons, who, whose, or whom is generally to be used. It should therefore read, “The man whom I saw." SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED, CONTINUED. "The bird whom I killed had made her nest. "The man which visited me has left town." tuous." Thou who are in prosperity must assist me in adversity." He which shuns vice does generally practise virtue." "That man is happy whom is vir- "I, who lives by your charity, should be grateful." SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. Q. Will you construct a sentence containing the relative who? One, containing which? One, containing that ? Q. Will you fill up the following sentences with relatives correctly used? "The man sins shall die." "The boy learn." "The bird sung so sweetly has flown.” studies will Will you fill "In up the following with one or inore words that will make sense? temperance evils," "If. truth sorry," Q. Will you embrace in different sentences, each of the following words? Washington,* Columbus, Captain Cook, Indians, Wisdom, Riches, James Monroe. XXXVI. OF COMPOUND AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 427. "I took what you gave me." "I took that which you gave me." "I took the thing which you gave me." "I took those things which you gave me." 428. By examining the foregoing sentences, you will see that the word what, in the first example, means the same as the words in italics in the successive ones: the word what, then, is clearly a pronoun; and because it stands for more than one word, it is called a compound pronoun. The word before the relative which, in the phrase "that which," or "the thing which," is the antecedent of which. Hence, 429. WHAT is a compound relative pronoun, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is generally equiva lent to THAT WHICH. (1.) Adverb. Thus, "Washington was a true patriot," &c. The pupil may write several sentences on each word. |