430. Who, wnich, and what have sometimes the words ever or soever an nexed (1.) to them and each combination of this sort is called a compound relative; as, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, &c. They are not often used:

431. Who, which, and what are called interrogatives, or relatives of the interrogative kind, when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who is he?" "Which is the book ?" "What are you doing?" These relatives, you perceive, have no antecedents, but relate to some word or phrase contained in the answer, which is called a subsequent, because it follows after the relative; as, "Whom did you see !" Ans. "John." Here John is the subsequent to which whom refers.

432. Hence it follows, that antecedent and subsequent are opposed to each other in meaning; the former signifying going before, the latter following after. 433. Whether was formerly made use of to express interrogation; as, Whether of these shall I choose?" but it is now seldom used, the interrogative which supplying its place.

434. Which, what, and, as we have already seen, that, when joined to nouns, are adjective pronouns; as, "unto which promise our twelve tribes." 435. When what and which are joined to nouns in asking questions, they are called interrogative adjective pronouns ; as, "Which horse did he take?" 436. In some instances, we find what used in the sense of an interjection; "What! take my money, and then my life ?"

as,

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"I will leave what is useless.""

437. What, in the example above, means the same as “that which,” or "the thing which"; we will, therefore, in parsing it, bear in mind that it has the government and agreement of two separate words. We will first parse it as standing for thing, and secondly for which.

What is a COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN, and is equivalent to "that which," or "the thing which." In representing thing, it may be considered a PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGU LAR, NEUTER GENDER, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by leave, according to RULE VIII.

What, in representing which, may be considered a RELATIVE PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, Neuter gender, and relates to thing for its antecedent, according to RULE V. and in the NOMINATIVE CASE to is, by RULE VI.

Is is a NEUTER VERB, in the INDICATIVE MOOD, PRESENT TENSE-1. I am; 2. You are; 3. He or which is"-made in the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with which, the relative part of the pronoun what, according to RULE VII.

Useless is an ADJECTIVE, in the POSITIVE DEGREE, and belongs to what, by RULE IV.

When are what, which, and that adjective pronouns? Give an example. 434.

Which of the relatives are sometimes interrogative adjective pronouns? When? 435.

When I say, "What! rob me of my money, and then take my life?" in what sense is what used? 436.

In the sentence, "I will leave what is useless," how do yon parse what? is? useless? 437.

What does what stand for? 437.

Do you parse it as one word or two? What two?

437.

The pupil may now parse the remaining exercises on the pronoun what.

Placed after.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED.

"James will do what is proper." "You heard what I said."

"William demands what I cannot

"Whatever improves delights him."

give."

They advocate what is excellent"

438. A VERB is a word that expresses ACTION OF BEING. Verbs are of three kinds--ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and NEUTER. 439. An active verb expresses action, and the actor is always the nominative case; as, "John runs." Active verbs are either transitive or intransitive.

440. An active verb is transitive, when it either has or may have an object after it, on which the action terminates; as, "John beats William."

441. An active verb is intransitive, when it neither has nor can have an object after it.

442. Passive means suffering or receiving.

443. When I say," John is beaten by William," is beaten is a verb, because it expresses action; and it is a passive verb, because it expresses the action received by John and if John receives the action, then he is the object of it; hence,

444. A passive verb expresses action or effect received.

445. The object is always its subject or nominative case 446. Active nominative, or actor, "John strikes William." 447. Passive nominative, or object, "William is struck by John."

448. By examining the foregoing examples, you will see that when the verb is active, its nominative is likewise active; and when the verb is passive, its nominative is likewise passive.

449. The passive voice is a convenient mode of expression on occasions when we wish to state what has been done, without exposing the author; thus, instead of saying, "William struck John," I can, to avoid alluding to William, say, "John was struck."

In the example, "John is beaten by William," which is the verb? Why? What kind? Why? 443.

Which word is the object? Why? 443. What, then, is a passive verb?" 444. Which is the nominative to a passive verb, the agent or the object? 445.

Is the nominative to an active verb active or passive? Give an example. 448.

Is the nominative to a passive verb active or passive? Give an example. 448. In what particular is the passive voice a convenient form of expression? Give an example. 449.

What is the meaning of neuter ?$

450. A neuter verb is one that is neither active nor passive, expressing simply either being or existence in a certain state; as, He sits,' 39 66 He is at home."

XXXVIII. MOOD, OR MODE.

451. Moon, or MODE, is the manner of representing action or being.

452. The INDICATIVE MOOD is used simply for indicating or declaring a thing, or asking a question; as, "I walk ;" Do I walk?"

453. The POTENTIAL MOOD is used for expressing possibility, liberty, power, will, or obligation, either with or without asking a question; as, "I may go ;""May I go?" "He must read," &c.

454. Of the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The term subjunctive signifies subjoined or added to.

455. When I say, "I will go, if he desire it," the phrase "if he desire it" is added on to the one before it: hence we say, "if he desire it" is in the subjunctive mood. The term, however, is limited to such sentences as are pre-ceded by the conjunctions if, unless, although, except, lest, &c., which imply doubt or some uncertainty.

456. The subjunctive mood is used for expressing doubt or uncertainty.

457. A verb in the subjunctive mood may be expressed in two different forms. It is equally correct to say, "If he is poor, he is respected," and "If he be studious, he will excel." The verbs be and is are both in the present tense; and since each has the conjunction if before it, each is in the subjunctive mood.

458. The phrase "If he be studious" means the same as "If he will be studious" it therefore plainly implies future time.

459. On the contrary, in the phrase "If he is poor," the sense plainly is, "If he is now, at the present time, poor," without any reference to future time. 460. Hence it appears, that, in one form of the verb, doubt only is implied; and in the other, both doubt and future time.

How is the term subjunctive limited? 455.

What is the subjunctive mood used for? 456.

How many different forms has it? 457. Give an example of each. 457.

In what tense are the verbs be and is? 457.

In what mood is each with the conjunction if before it? 457.

What does "If he be studious" mean, as it respects time? 458.

What tense, then, is referred to? 458. What does "If he is poor" mean, in respect to time? 459.

What idea, then, is implied in the one form? 450.

What two ideas in the other form? 460

461. The verb is corresponds with the common form of the verb to be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as, ain, you are, he is "we will, therefore, when the verb is varied as usual, call it the common torm of the sub. junctive mood; and when the verb is not varied in the different persons, we will call it the subjunctive form, since this form is peculiar to this mood. You should here be informed that this distinction relates only to the present tense, it being customary to vary the terminations of the verb in the remaining tenses, as usual.

462. The following general rules will direct you in the proper use of the subjunctive mood:

463. When any verb in the subjunctive mood, present tense, has a reference to future time, we should use the

3. If he love.

Plural.

1. If we love.

2. If ye or you love.
3. If they love.

465. When a verb in the subjunctive mood, present tense, has no reference to future time, we should use the

1. If we love.
2. If ye love, or
If you love.
3. If they love.

466. Other conjunctions, besides if, are used before the subjunctive mood. If is perhaps used most frequently, because it implies doubt more strongly than most others.

467. By the foregoing, you may perceive that when the verb is in the subjunctive form, some auxiliary verb is always understood; as," He will not be pardoned unless he repent," that is, "unless he will repent;"" If thou ever return, thou shouldst be thankful," that is, "if thou shouldst ever return."

468. A verb in the indicative mood is converted into the subjunctive, common form, simply by placing a conjunction, implying doubt, before it; as, "I walk," the indicative mood, becomes subjunctive by prefixing if; thus, "If I walk."

469. In like manner, a verb in the potential may be changed to the subjunctive; as, "I can go" is the potential; "If I can go," the subjunctive.

470. Of the IMPERATIVE MOOD. When I say, "John, mind your book," I command John to do something; and because imperative means commanding, we say that mind, in the phrase above; is in the imperative mood.

How is the verb varied in the common form of the subjunctive mood? 461.

467.

With what does the verb is correspond? frequently in the subjunctive mood? 466. 461. What does He will not be pardoned unless he repent" mean? 467. What, then, is understood? "If thou ever return, thou shouldst be thankful:" what does this mean? 467. What, then, is understood? 467. What is always understood in this form? 467.

Why called common? How varied in the subjunctive form? Why called subjunctive? 461.

How is this distinction limited? 461. How are the remaining tenses varied? 461.

When do we use the subjunctive form?

463.

Will you conjugate the verb love in this form, in the present tense? 464.

When do we use the common form? 465. Why is the conjunction if used most

471. This mood, for reasons assigned before, (214.) embraces the following particulars:

1. Command; as, "John, sit up."
2. Entreaty;

as, "Do visit me."

3. Exhorting; as,

แ Remember my counsel."

4. Permitting; as, "Go in peace."

472. The imperative mood, then, is used for commanding entreating, exhorting, or permitting.

473. The application of this mood is limited to the second person; as, "John, come to me;" because, in uttering a command, making an entreaty, &c. we must necessarily address some one; hence you can see the reason why this mood has but one person, viz. the second.

474. We cannot, with any propriety, command a person to-day, or in present time, to do any thing in past time, yesterday for instance; consequently a verb in this mood cannot have any past tense.

475. When I command a person to do any thing, the performance of the command must take place in a period of time subsequent to that of the command; that is, in future time; but the command itself must, from the very nature of the case, take place in present time: this mood, therefore, cannot, strictly speaking, have any future tense: hence,

476. A verb in the imperative mood must be in the present tense, and in the second person.

477. Of the INFINITIVE MOOD. In the phrases, "John begins to sing," "The boys begin to sing," "Thou beginnest to sing," you perceive that the verb to sing is not varied to correspond with the number and person of its different agents, John, the boys, and thou: hence to sing is said not to be limited either by person or number.

478. This mood, then, is properly denominated infinitive, signifying not limited hence,

479. The infinitive mood is used to express an action not limited either by person or number.

480. To, the usual sign of this mood, is sometimes understood; as, “Let me go," instead of" Let me to go;" "I heard him say it," for "I heard him to say it." This little word to, when used before verbs in this manner, is not a preposition, but forms a part of the verb, and, in parsing, should be so considered.

431. From the foregoing, it appears that there are five moods-the indicative, the imperative, the potential, the subjunctive, and the infinitive.

How many particulars does this mood embrace? 471. Why so many? 214. What, then, is the imperative mood used for? 472. Give an example of commanding? one of entreating? one of exhorting? one of permitting? 471.

How many persons has this mood? 473.
What person is it? 473.

Has this mood any past tense? Why? 474.

When I command a person, when, if at all, must the performance of the command Lake place? 475.

When, or in what time, must the command itself be given? 475.

Has this mood, then, any future tense? 475.

How many tenses, then, has it? Ilow many persona? 476.