§ 60. RULE XII. Substantives denoting the same person or thing, agree in case; as, Cicero the Ora

tor.

Words thus used are said to be in apposition.

Rem. 1. Two or more nouns, forming one complex name, or a name and a title, with the definite article and a numeral adjective prefixed, have the plural termination annexed to the last only; as, the two Miss Hays. The three Miss Browns. The two Dr. Monroes. Of married ladies, the name only is pluralized. Rem. 2. But when used without the numeral, the plural termination is annex ed to the first; as, Messrs. Thompson. Misses Hamilton.- 10, 1.

Obs. The word containing the answer to a question, being in the same con struction with the word that asks it, must always be in the same case; as, Of whom were the books bought? Of Johnson, him who lives in the Strand.

EXERCISES.

The chief of the princes, him who defied the bravest of the enemy, was assassinated by a dastardly villain. He was the son of the Rev. Dr. West, he who published Pindar at Oxford.

(Rem. 1, 2.) The two Misses Louisa Howard are very amiable young ladies. The two Messrs. Websters left town yesterday. The two Messrs. Websters will return to-morrow. The Doctors Stevensons have been successful in performing a very difficult operation. The two Doctors Ramsays have returned. The Mrs. Townsend were there, as well as the Mrs. Bay.

(Obs.) Of whom were the articles bought? Of a grocer, he who resides near the Mansion-House. Was any person besides the grocer present? Yes, both him and his clerk were present. Who was the money paid to? To the grocer. Who counted it? Both the clerk and him. Who said that? Me. Whose books are these? Her who went out a few minutes ago.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON THE PRECEDING RULES.

Dew and hoar frost is more

Two and two makes four. copious in valleys than it is in elevated situations. Either his gratitude or his compassion were roused. Neither he nor I intends to write on that subject. In the human species the influence of instinct and habit are generally assisted by the suggestions of reason. Thomas said that James and me might go. Godliness, with contentment, are great gain. Either avarice, or the cares of this life, has misled aim.

§ 61. RULE XIII. A verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to the same thing; as, It is I. I took it to be him.

Rem. 1. Verbs having the same case after them as before them, are chiefly the verb "to be," "to become," and some other intr. verbs, and passive verbs of haming, choosing, appointing, and the like; as, He shall be called John. He became the slave of irregular passions. Stephen died a Martyr. In these examples, the case of the subject determines the case of the predicate according to the rule. But,

Rem. 2. In substantive phrases the infinitive or participle of an intr. verb without a subject is followed by a substantive or adjective taken indefinitely, and the substantive is in the objective case; (§ 40. R. 23. Obs. 2.) as, "To be the slave of passion, is of all slavery the most wretched." "His dying intestate caused all this trouble." "It is our duty to be obedient to our parents."

Rem. 3. In English almost any verb may be used as a copula between its subject and an adjective as a part, or at least as a modification of the predicate; as, "It tastes good," "The wind blows hard," "I remember right," "He feels sick," "He strikes hard," "He drinks deep," &c. In such expressions the adjective so much resembles an adverb in its meaning, that they are usually parsed as such. This, however, is so common a phraseology in our language, and especially in poetry, that they should rather be considered as adjectives in fact as well as in form, though used in a way somewhat peculiar. These expressions seem to be analogous to the Latin "insons feci," "I did it innocently;" "accur runt læti," "They run up joyfully." Or the Greek dpíkero devrepaïos, he came on the second day.

EXERCISES.

It was me who wrote the letter. Be not afraid, it is me I am certain that it could not have been her. It is them that deserve most blame. You would undoubtedly act the same part if you were him. I understood it to be he. It may have been him, but there is no proof of it. It may have been him or them who did it.

Who do you think him to be? Whom do men say that I am? She is the person who I understood it to have been. Let him be whom he may, I am not afraid of him. Was it me that said so? It is impossible to be them. I am certain it was not him.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES.

Surely thou who reads so much in the Bible, can tell me what became of Elijah. Neither the master nor the scholars is reading. Trust not him, whom, you know, is dishonest. I love no interests but that of truth and virtue.

62. RULE XIV. When two nouns come together, denoting the possessor and the thing possessed, the first is put in the possessive case; as, John's book; on eagle's wings.

Observation. The latter or governing substantive is frequently understood; as, I found him at the stationer's, (viz. shop or house.)

For observations on the possessive pronoun, see § 18, 1, Obs. 1. Remark 1. The preposition of, with the objective, is generally equivalent te the possessive case, and is often used in preference to it. Thus, "In the name of the army," is better than "In the army's name." Sometimes, however, these two modes of expression are not equivalent; thus, "The Lord's day," and "The day of the Lord," convey ideas entirely different. 12, 3.

Rem. 2. Sometimes "of" is used before the possessive governing a substantive understood after it; as, This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton's, (viz. discoveries.) "This is a discovery of Sir Isaac Newton." expresses the same idea. These two modes of expression, however, sometimes convey quite different ideas; thus, "A picture of my friend," means a portrait of him. "A picture of my friend's," means a picture belonging to him. Under both these remarks it may be observed as a general

RULE. In the use of the possessive, or of its equivalent, “of,” with the objective, care should be taken to avoid harshness on the one hand and ambiguity on the other.

EXERCISES.

It is Pompeys pillar. Seek Virtues reward. A mans manners frequently influence his fortune. My ancestors virtue is not mine. Asa his heart was perfect with the Lord. A mothers tenderness and a father's care are natures gifts for mans advantage. Helen her beauty was the cause of Troy its destruction. Longinus his treatise on the sublime. Christ his sake.

He

(Rem. 1, 2.) _The Commons vote was decidedly against the measure. The Lord's house adjourned at a late hour. The Representative's house convened at 12 o'clock. married my daughter's husbands sister. She married the brother of the wife of my son. The Lord's day will come as a thief in the night. The next day of the Lord came all the people to hear the word. That is a good likeness of De Witt Clinton's. He is the only son of his mother's. The court's decision. I beg the favour of your acceptance of a copy of a view of the manufactories of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The report of the sickness of the son of the king of England, excited the nation's fears.

§ 63. OBSERVATIONS ON RULE XIV.

1. When several nouns come together in the possessive case, implying common possession, the sign of the possessive ('s) is annexed to the last, and understood to the rest; as, "Jane and Lucy's books," i. e. books the common property of Jane and Lucy. But if common possession is not implied, or if several words intervene, the sign of the possessive should be annexed to each; as, "Jane's and Lucy's books," i. e. books, some of which are Jane's and others Lucy's. "This gained the king's, as well as the people's approbation."

2. When a name is complex, consisting of more terms than one, the sign of the possessive is annexed to the last only; as, “Julius Cæsar's Con.mentaries." "John the Baptist's head." "His brother Philip's wife." "The Bishop of London's charge."

3. When a short explanatory term is joined to a name, the sign of the possessive may be annexed to either; as, I called at Smith's the bookseller, or, at Smith the bookseller's. But if, to such a phrase, the governing substantive is added, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the last; as, "I called at Smith the bookseller's shop."

4. If the explanatory circumstance be complex, or consisting of more terms than one, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to the name or first substantive; as, "This Psalm is David's, the king, priest, and prophet of the people." "That book is Smith's, the bookseller in Maiden Lane."

5. When two nouns in the possessive are governed by different words, the sign of the possessive must be annexed to each; as, "He took refuge at the governor's, the king's representative,” i. e. at the "Governor's house."

6. The s after the apostrophe is omitted, when the first noun has the sound of s in each of its two last syllables, and the second noun begins with s; as, For righteousness' sake, &c. (§ 12, 2.) In other cases, such omission would generally be improper; as, James' book, Miss' shoes; instead of James's book, Miss's shoes.

7. A clause of a sentence should never come between the possessive case and the word by which it is governed; thus, "She began to extol the farmer's, as she called him, excellent understanding," should be,—“ the excellent understanding of the farmer, as she called him.” 8. The possessive whosesoever and the compounds whichsoever, whatsoever, howsoever are sometimes divided by interposing the word to which they belong; as, whose house soever; what man soever. This in general however is to be avoided, and to be admitted only when euphony and precision are thereby promoted.

RULE XIV. Continued.

§ 63. EXERCISES ON OBSERVATIONS.

1. William's and Mary's reign. This is your father's mother's and brother's advice. Peter's John's and Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen. He asked his father, as well as his mother's advice. John and Robert's boots fit them very well. The Betsey and the Speedwell's cargoes were both damaged.

2. Jack's the Giant killer's wonderful exploits. The Bishop's of Landaff's excellent work. During Charles's the second's reign. The Lord Mayor's of London authority. That carriage is the Lord Mayor's of London.

3. The books were left at Brown's the bookseller's. I left him at Mayell's the hatter's shop. Thorburn's the seedsman store is now open.

4. The books were left at Brown the bookseller and stationer's. I left the parcel at Johnson, a respectable bookseller, a worthy man, and an old friend's. I reside at Lord Stormont, my old patron and benefactor's. Whose glory did he emulate? He emulated Cæsar, the greatest general of antiquity's.

5. That book is Thompson the Tutor's assistant. We spent an agreeable hour at Wilson the Governor's deputy, and on our return called at Mr. Smith little Henry's father.

6. James' father arrived yesterday and Mr. Spence' servant came with him. Charles' books are completely spoiled. For conscience's sake Miss' books have been sent home.

7. They very justly condemned the prodigal's, as he was called, senseless and extravagant conduct. This is Paul's the christian hero and great apostle of the Gentiles advice. Beyond this the arts cannot be traced of civil society.

PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON THIS RULE.

The emperor and the Dukes cavalry were engaged. This is for consciences sake. Escape Atrides ire. He bought the articles at Wilson's the druggist's. William and John's wives were present. The estate of William's was much encumbered.