688. Omissions of MAY, MIGHT, COULD, WOULD, and SHOULn, "Live long and be happy."

"Should I forgive you, and allow you to depart, you would not reform."

689. Omissions of the Conjunction before the Verb in the Sub

690. Omissions of FOR after Verbs implying the idea of serving. "Make me a pen."

Bring me some water.' "Purchase him a knife."

Omissions of the Interjection.

Omissions of the Relative.

"Several men are there come "I trust that he I desire to see so

INVERTED SENTENCES.

The Nominative Case placed after the Verb.

"Smack went the whip, round

went the wheels;

Were ever folks so glad?"
"There goes a man alike distin-

SENTENCES TRANSPOSED.

694. "Tyrants no more their savage nature kept,

The Objective Case before the Verb.

And foes to virtue wondered how they wept."

695.

115

"Me glory summons to the martial scene.'

"The rolls of fame I will not now explore."

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose a sentence exemplifying Rule VIII.? One, Rule IX. X. XI.? XII.? XIII.? XIV.? Will you compose a sentence on the use of the dog? One, on the clouds? One, on night? One, on wind? One, on snow? One, on hail? One, on ice? One, on skating? One, on fishing? One, on courage? One, on cowardice? One, on filial duty? One, on indolence? One, on schools?

696.

SENTENCES TRANSPOSED.

"Here rests his head upon the lap of earth,

A youth, to fortune and to fame unknown."

Transposed.

"A youth, unknown to fortune and to fame, rests here his head upon the lap of earth."

“When, young, life's journey 1 began,

The glittering prospect charmed my eyes;
I saw along the extended plain,

Joy after joy successive rise:

But soon I found 'twas all a dream,

And learned the fond pursuit to shun,
Where few can reach the purposed aim,

And thousands daily are undone."
Transposed.

"I began life's journey when young, and the glittering prospect charmed my eyes; I saw joy after joy successive rise, along the extended plain: but soon I found it was all a dream; and learned to shun the fond pursuit, where few can reach the purposed aim, and thousands are daily undone."

"Needful austerities our wills restrain,

As thorns fence in the tender plant from harm."
Transposed.

"Needful austerities restrain our wills, as thorns fence in the tender plant from harm."

"Thou hadst been"? "You shall be taught"? "Shall I be punished?" "He shall have been"?

LXVI. Will you parse the inverted sentences? 693, &c.

In what voice, mood, tense, number and person, is "Love thou"? "I may go"? "You may be regarded"? "You might be rejoiced?? "She may have been refused"? "We should have been"? "If I have"? "If thou have"? "If thou hast"?"To have"? "To have been"?

Will you give the synopsis of learn, through all the moods, tenses, &c., in the first person, including the participle? Learn, in like manner, in the passive? The verb to be in the same manner?

Will you give the synopsis of desire in the active voice, with the participles? Of the same in the passive? Of do in the active? In the passive?

When is a verb called regular ? 533 When irregular? 534.

Will you repeat the present and imperfect tenses, also the perfect participle, of am? see? hear? do? weep? sink? swim?

Will you next take the sentences to be written?

What are auxiliary verbs? 511.
How many and which are they? 512.
What are defective verbs? 579.
What is an adverb? 588. Why so call
ed? 228

"On some fond breast the parting soul relies,
Some pious drops the closing eye requires;
E'en from the tomb the voice of nature cries,
E'en in our ashes live their wonted fires."

Transposed.

"The parting soul relies on some fond breast; the closing eye requires some pious drops; the voice of nature cries, even from the tomb; and their wonted fires live even in our ashes."

"From lofty themes, from thoughts that soared on high,
And opened wondrous scenes above the sky,
My Muse! descend; indulge my fond desire.
With softer thoughts my melting soul inspire
And smooth my numbers to a female's praise
A partial world will listen to my lays,
While Anna reigns, and sets a female name
Unrivalled in the glorious lists of fame."
Transposed.

"Omy Muse! descend thou from lofty themes, and from thoughts that soared on high, and opened wondrous scenes above the sky; indulge thou my fond desire; and do thou inspire my melting soul with softer thoughts, and smooth my numbers to a female's praise; a partial world will listen to my lays, while Anna reigns, and sets a female name unrivalled in the glorious lists of fame."

What is the rule for the agreement of nouns? XV. Articles? II., III. Adjectives? IV. Pronouns? V. Verbs? VII. Participles? XIII. Agreement of a verb piural with two nouns singular? XVIII. Adjective pronouns and numerals? Note I.

What is the rule by which a verb agrees with a noun of multitude, or collective noun? Note XVI. Rule for the objective case after a transitive verb? VIII.

What is the rule for the objective case after a preposition? X. After a participlc? XIV. Rule for the adverb? IX. Rule respecting the interjections O! oh! ah! &c.? Note X.

Will you parse the sentences marked transposed?

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

SYNTAX.

THAT part of Grammar which treats of the formation and sound of the letters, the combination of letters into syllables, and syllables into words, is called Orthography.

That part which treats of the different sorts of words, their various changes and their derivations, is called Etymology.

That part which treats of the union and right order of words in the formation of sentences, is called Syntax.

GRAMMAR may be considered as consisting of two species, Universal and Particular. Universal Grammar explains the principles which are common to all languages. Particular Grammar applies those principles to a particular language, modifying them according to the genius of that tongue, and the established practice of the best writers and speakers by whom it is used.

LANGUAGE, in the proper sense of the word, signifies the expression of our ideas, and their various relations, by certain ar ticulate sounds, which are used as the signs of those ideas and relations. An articulate sound is the sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech.

LETTERS are the representatives of certain articulate sounds, the elements of the language.

The letters of the English Language, called the English Alphabet, are twenty-six in number, each of which constitutes the first principle, or least part of a word.

LETTERS are divided into vowels and consonants.

A vowel is a letter that can be perfectly sounded by itself. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w and W and y y. are consonants when they begin a word or syllable; but in every other situation they are vowels.

A consonant is a letter that cannot be perfectly sounded without the aid of a vowel; as, b, d, f, l. All letters except the

vowels are consonants.

Consonants are divided into mutes and semi-vowels.

The mutes cannot be sounded at all, without the aid of a vowel. They are b, p, t, d, k, and c and g hard.

The semi-vowels have an imperfect sound of themselves. They are f, l, m, n, r, v, s, z, x, and c and g soft.

Four of the semi-vowels, namely, l, m, n, r, are called liquids, because they readily unite with other consonants, and flow, as it were, into their sounds.

A diphthong is the union of two vowels, pronounced by a single impulse of the voice; as, oi in voice, ou in ounce.

A triphthong is the union of three vowels, pronounced in like manner; as, eau in beau, iew in view.

A proper diphthong is that in which both the vowels are sounded; as, oi in voice, ou in ounce.

An improper diphthong has but one of the vowels sounded; as, ea in eagle, oa in boat.

A SYLLABLE is a sound, either simple or compounded, uttered by a single impulse of the voice, and constituting a word or part of a word; as, a, an, ant.

A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable; a word of two syllables, a Dissyllable; a word of three syllables, a Trisyllable; a word of four or more syllables, a Polysyllable.

Words are articulate sounds, used by common consent as signs of our ideas.

Words are of two sorts, primitive and derivative.

A primitive word is that which cannot be reduced to a simpler word in the language; as, man, good.

A derivative word is that which may be reduced to a simpler word; as, manful, goodness.

The elementary sounds, under their smallest combination, produce a syllable; syllables, properly combined, produce a word; words, duly combined, produce a sentence; and sentences, properly combined, produce an oration, or discourse.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming complete

sense.

Sentences are of two kinds, simple and compound.

A simple sentence has in it but one subject, and one finite* verb; as, "Life is short."

A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected together; as, "Life is short, and art is long."

As sentences themselves are divided into simple and compound, so the members of sentences may be divided likewise into simple and compound members; for whole sentences, whether simple or compound, may become members of other sentences, by means of some additional connection; as in the following example: "The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider." This sentence consists of two compounded members, each of which is subdivided into two simple members, which are properly called clauses.

A phrase is two or more words rightly put together, making sometimes a part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are the subject, the attribute, and the object.

* Finite verbs are those to which number and person appertain. Verbs in the infinitive mood have no respect to number and person