506. Is, you doubtless recollect, is a variation of the verb to be; as, "I am, you are, he is now, by joining is with struck, we can form the passive verb is struck; "John strikes Joseph" is active; but "Joseph is struck by Johu" is passive.

507. In these two examples, you perceive that the sense of each is the same hence, by means of the passive verb, we are enabled to express, in a different form, the precise meaning of the active, which, you will oftentimes find, contributes not a little to the variety and harmony of the language.

508. By examining the conjugation of the verb to be, you will discover that it has, in all, ten variations: viz. am, art, is, are, was, wast, were, been, be, and being. Every passive verb must be composed of one of these ten variations, and the perfect participle of any active transitive verb. Thus, taking was, and joining it with the perfect participle of the verb beat, namely, beaten, we form the passive verb was beaten, to which prefixing an object, or nominative case, we have the phrase, "William was beaten."

509. It is a fact worthy to be remembered, that the passive verb always retains the same mood, tense, number, and person, that the verb to be has, be fore it is incorporated with the participle; thus, "He has been" is the indica tive perfect, third person singular; then, "He has been rejected," is likewise the indicative perfect, third person singular, passive. It cannot, therefore, be difficult to tell the mood, tense, number, and person of any passive verb, if you are familiar with the conjugation of the verb to be.

From the foregoing particulars, we derive the following general rule:

510. All passive verbs are formed by adding the perfect participle of any active-transitive verb to the neuter verb to be.

XLII. OF THE AUXILIARY VERB.

511. Auxiliary verbs are those by the help of which the principal verbs are conjugated.

512. The auxiliary verbs are may, can, must, might, could, would, should, and shall. The following are sometimes auxiliaries, and sometimes principal verbs: do, be, have, and will.

513. When, in the formation of any tense, we use an auxiliary verb, that tense is called a compound one; and the tense formed by the principal verb alone is called a simple tense.

XLIII. SIGNS OF THE MOODS.

514. The indicative mood may be known by the sense, or by its having no sign except in asking a question; as, "Who comes here?"

Of what verb is the verb is variation? 506.

Will you form a passive verb with is and struck? 596.

"John strikes Joseph." How may the sense of this sentence be expressed by a passive verb? 506.

What advantage does the use of the passive verb often afford us? 507.

To what does it contribute? 507. How many variations has the verb to be in all? 508. What are they? 508. What will always compose one part of a passive verb? 508. What the other part? 508.

What fact is mentioned as worthy of notice 509.

What mood, tense, number, and person is "He has been"? 509. Is "He has been rejected"? 509.

What will make the mood, tense, &o. of passive verbs familiar? 509.

How are all passive verbs formed? 510 XLII. What is the meaning of auxiliary? 196.

What are auxiliary verbs? 511.
Will you name them? 512.

What verbs are used both as auxiliary and principal verbs? 512.

XLIII. What is the sign of the indicative mood? 514. Give an example. 514

515. The potential mood has for its signs the auxiliaries may, can, must, might, could, would, and should; as, "I could love," &c.

516. The subjunctive mood has usually for its signs the conjunctions if, though, unless, except, whether, and lest; as, "Unless he repent," &c.

517. The infinitive mood has usually for its sign the word to; as, to sing.

518. The imperative mood may be distinguished by its always being in the second person, and by its agreement with thou, or ye, or you; as, "Depart thou," &c.

XLIV. SIGNS OF THE TENSES OF THE
INDICATIVE.

519. The present tense has for its sign the first form of the verb; as, weep, remain, &c.; excepting the occasional use of do; as, "I do learn."

520. The imperfect tense has no auxiliary for a sign, except did, which is sometimes used. If, however, the verb is not in the present tense, and has no auxiliary, it follows that it is in the imperfect; as, "I fought."

521. The perfect tense has for its sign the word have; as, have loved.

522. The pluperfect has for its sign had; as, had loved. 523. The first future has for its sign shall or will; as, shall or will love.

524. The second future has for its sign shall have or will have; as, shall have loved, or will have loved.

525. The indicative mood has six tenses. 526. The subjunctive mood has six tenses. 527. The potential mood has four tenses. 528. The infinitive mood has two tenses. 529. The imperative mood has one tense.

What is the sign of the potential mood? 515. Give an example. 515.

What is the sign of the subjunctive mood? 516. Give an example. 516. What is the sign of the infinitive mood? 517. Give an example. 517.

What is the sign of the imperative ? 518. Give an example. 518.

XLIV. What is the sign of the present indicative? 519. Give an example.

Sign of the perfect? 521. Give an example. 521.

Sign of the pluperfect? 522. Give an example. 522.

Sign of the first future? 523. Give an example. 523.

Sign of the second future? 524. Give an example. 524.

How many tenses has the indicative mood? 525.

How many the subjunctive? 526.
How many the potential? 527.
How many the infinitive? 528.
How many the imperative? 529.

XLV. CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

530. When I ask you to raise your voice, in reading, you readily understand what I mean by voice; but in grammar, its application is somewhat peculiar. Grammatically considered, it refers to the active and passive nature of verbs.

531. The CONJUGATION of a verb is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods and tenses.

532. The CONJUGATION of an active verb is styled the ACTIVE VOICE, and that of a passive verb the PASSIVE Voice. 533. Verbs are called REGULAR, when they form their imperfect tense of the indicative mood, and their perfect participle, by the addition of ed to the verb in the present tense, or d only when the verb ends in e; as,

534. When a verb does not form its imperfect tense and perfect participle in this manner, it is called an irregular VERB; as,

Pres. Tense. Imp. Tense.

I am.

I was.

Perf. Participle.

Been.

535. The regular verb love, and the irregular verb to be, are conjugated as follows::

CONJUGATION.

TO LOVE AND TO BE.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE CONTRASTED.

3 He shall or will love. 2. You shall or will be 3. He shall or will be.

Plural.

ed. loved.

1. We shall or will love. 1. We shall or will be 1. We shall or will be.

1. We shall have loved. 1. We shall have been 1. We shall have been.

Well you conjugate the verb to be, or am, is the present? the imperfect? perfect pluperfect? first future? second future?

Will you name the first person singular, of the present indicative, active and passive, of love, and the first person singular of the verb to be?

The second person in like manner? the third? the first person plural? second person plural? third? first person singular, imperfect? second person? third? first person plural? second person plural? third? first person singular, perfect? second person? third? first person plural second? third?