3. When an adjective comes after an attributive verb, it generally qualifies the subject of that verb; as,

1. John is wise. 2. They were temperate. 3. The sky is very clear. 4. These rivers are deep and rapid.

4. Whatever words the verb "to be" serves to unite, referring to the same thing, must be of the same case; as,

1. Alexander is a student. 2. Mary is a beautiful painter. 3. Knowledge is power.

NOTE.-It is necessary to the application of this rule, that the words connected refer to the same thing. This connection is often made by other words than the verb "to be" (605 or 797).

5. Nouns and pronouns, placed together for the sake of em phasis or explanation, and denoting the same object, are said to be in apposition, and always agree in case; as,

1. Alexander, the coppersmith, was not a friend to the Apostle Paul. 2. Hope, the balm of life, is our greatest friend.

NOTE.-In parsing such sentences as those above, a relative and a verb may be inserted between the words in apposition. Myself, thyself, himself, etc., often stand at a considerable distance from the words with which they agree, as,

3. Thomas dispatched the letter himself.

6. Myself, thyself, himself, etc., often form the objectives after active-transitive verbs, of which the words they represent are the subjects. They are in such cases generally called Reflexive pronouns (249); as,

1. I hurt myself. 2. He wronged himself to oblige us. 3. They will support themselves by their industry.

7. Adjectives taken as nouns and used in reference to persons, are generally of the plural number (201); as,

1. The valiant never taste of death but once. 2. The virtuous are generally the most happy.

8. Nouns and pronouns taken in the same connection, must be of the same case; as,

1. The master taught him and me to write. 2 He and she were schoolfellows.

9. A relative in the objective case generally precedes the verb on which it depends ; as,

1. He is a friend whom I greatly respect. 2. The books which I bought yesterday, I have not yet received.

10. When both a relative and its antecedent have each a verò belonging to it, the relative is commonly the subject of the first verb, and the antecedent the subject of the second; as,

1. HE who acts wisely DESERVES praise. 2. He who is a stranger to industry may possess, but he can not enjoy.

11. The relative what in itself represents but one case—the nom inative or objective; but it implies a reference to a general antecedent omitted, to which belongs the other case required by the construction. When this antecedent is expressed, which is used instead of what (266.)

1. This is precisely what was necessary. 2. What can not be prevented must be endured.

12. Whoever and whosoever are equivalent to a simple relative, and a general or indefinite antecedent, and in parsing may be so resolved; thus, whoever any one who. The same is the case with whatever and whatsoever; whatever-everything which; as,

1. Whoever told such a story must have been misinformed. 2. Whoever is not content in poverty would not be perfectly happy in the midst of plenty.

NOTE. Whatever is most frequently used as what sometimes is (277) simply to qualify a noun; as,

3. Aspire at perfection, in whatever state of life you may be placed. 4. I forget what words he uttered.

13. Though a participle never directly declares, yet it always implies something done or doing; and is used in reference to some noun or pronoun which is its subject; as,

1. Admired and applauded, he became vain. 2. Having finished our lessons, we went to play.

14. The past participle of a few intransitive verbs is sometimes joined to the verb "to be" which gives such verbs a passive appearance (374); as,

1. I am come, in compliance with your desire. 2. The old house is fallen down. 3. John is gone to London.

15. Intransitive verbs are often followed by prepositions, making what are sometimes called compound transitive verbs. The verb and preposition may, in such cases, be parsed either together or separately in the active voice. In the passive voice they must be parsed together; as,

1. He laughed at such folly. 2. They smiled upon us. 3. He was much laughed at for such conduct.

16. A noun or pronoun is often used with a participle, without being connected in grammatical construction with any other words of the sentence. It is then called the nominative absolute, or independent; as,

1. The father being dead, the estate came into the hands of the eldest son. 2. Whose gray top shall tremble, he descending.

17. To, the sign of the infinitive, is omitted after the verbs bid, dare, need, make, see, hear, feel, and let; and sometimes after perceive, behold, observe, have, know, etc., in the active voice, but is retained after the same verbs in the passive (877); as,

1. Let me look at your portrait. He bade me go with him. 3. I heard him assert the opinion. 4. I saw him ride past at great speed.

18. Verbs connected by conjunctions are usually in the same mood and tense, but in the compound tenses the sign is often used with the first only, and understood with the rest; as,

1. He can neither read nor write. 2. He shall no longer tease and vex me as he has done.

19. Nouns and pronouns are often the object of a preposition understood; and nouns denoting time, value, weight, or measure, are used to restrict verbs or adjectives, without a governing word (828); as,

1. He gave (to) me a full account of the whole affair. 2. Will you lend me your knife. 3. He traveled on foot, last summer, as far as London. month.

4. He was in Paris last

ード

20. The conjunctions than and as, implying comparison, have the same case after them as before them; and the latter case has the same construction as the former; as,

1. He has more books than my brother (has). 2. They respect him more than (they respect) us.

21. The class of words, or part of speech to which a word be longs, depends often on its application; as,

1. Calm was the day, and the scene delightful. 2. We may expect a calm after a storm. 3. To prevent passion is easier than to calm it. 4. Better is a little with content, than a great deal with anxiety. 5. The gay and dissolute think little of the miseries which are stealing softly after them. 6. A little attention will rectify some errors.

22. Do, have, and be, are principal verbs when used by themselves, but auxiliaries when connected with other verbs; as,

1. He does all in his power to gain esteem. 2. We must do nothing that will sully our reputation. 3. She has a strong claim to our respect. 4. He is at home.

23. An infinitive, a participle used as a noun, or a clause of a sentence, which may be called a substantive phrase, is often the subject of a verb, or the object after an active-transitive verb or preposition (762 and 802); as,

1. Subject.-1. To study hard is the best way to improve. 2. To endure misfortune with resignation is the characteristic of a great mind.

2. Object.-1. He that knows how to do good, and does it not, is without excuse. 2. He declared that nothing could give him greater pleasure. 3. Of making many books there is no end.

24. When a substantive phrase (583, 23) is governed by a verb or preposition, this regimen does not affect the case of individual nouns or pronouns in that phrase, but leaves them subject to the influence of other words within the phrase itself.

If the infinitive or participle of the verb "to be," or of a passive verb of naming, etc., is used in this way without a definite

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subject, the substantive which follows it as a predicate is regarded as neither the subject of a verb, nor is under the regimen of any word; thus, "His being an expert dancer does not entitle him to our regard.” The phrase "being an expert dancer," is the subject of the verb"does entitle," but the word dancer," in that phrase, is neither the subject of any verb, nor governed by any word in the sentence. Of this kind are all such expressions as the following: "It is an honor to be the author of such a work."-" To be surety for a stranger is dangerous."-" The atrocious crime of being a young man, I shall attempt neither to palliate nor deny."-Pitt. In all such examples, whether the phrase be the subject of a verb, or the object of an active-transitive verb or preposition, the noun or pronoun following the verb "to be," or a passive verb, is properly in the predicate-nominative (651 and 799). The words may be parsed separately, or the whole phrase may be parsed as one word.

1. He had the honor of being a director for life. 2. By being a diligent student, he acquired eminence in his profession.

as,

25. It often refers to persons, or to an infinitive coming after;

1. It is John that is to blame. 2. It was I that wrote the letter. 3. It is the duty of all to improve. 4. It is easy to form good resolutions, but difficult to put them in practice.

as,

26. Words, especially in poetry, are often much transposed;

1. Great is Diana of the Ephesians. 2. On yourself depend for aid. 3. Happy the man who puts his trust in his Maker.

4. No hive hast thou of hoarded sweets.

5. A transient calm the happy scenes bestow.

[As additional exercises in parsing, the little work entitled "PROGRESSIVE EXERCISES in Analysis and Parsing" may now be used, or sentences from any plain, simple, and accurate composition, such as are contained in the reading lessons, may be selected.]