not doubled; as boil, boiling, boiler; wool, woolen; fool, foolish; visit, visited.

62. Exceptions.—In about fifty words ending in 7 with a vowel before it, and not accented on the last syllable, many writers, contrary to analogy and without necessity, double the improperly before an additional syllable. These are such words as travel, trav eller, travelling, travelled.*

63. So also s and p are generally, though improperly, doubled ir bias, worship, and kidnap; as biassing, worshipper, kidnapping. Webster, and many writers following him, in these words conform to the general rule.

RULE V.

64. Silent e is preserved before the terminations, ment, less, ly, and ful; as, paleness, peaceful, abatement, etc. 65. Exceptions. Duly, truly, awful, and, generally, judgment, acknowledgment, lodgment, abridgment, are excepted. Argument, from the Latin argumentum, is not an exception.

RULE VI.

66. Silent e is omitted before terminations beginning with a vowel; as, slave, slavish; cure, curable; sense, sensible; lodge, lodging; love, lovest.

67. Blame, move, reprove, sale, and their compounds, sometimes, though improperly, retain e before able; as, blameable, etc.

68. But words ending in ge and ce retain e before able, in order to preserve the soft sound of g and c; as, changeable, peaceable, etc. For the same reason we have singeing and swingeing : dye has dyeing, to distinguish it from dying. So also words ending with c hard insert k before a syllable beginning with e or i to preserve the hard sound; as, frolic, frolicked, frolicking.

*The words referred to are the following: Apparel, bevel, bowel. cancel, carol, cavil, channel, chisel, counsel, cudgel, dishevel, drivel, duel, embowel, enamel, empanel, equal, gambol gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchel, imperil, jewel, kennel, label, level. libel, marshal, marvel, model, panel, parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, ravel, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tassel, trannel, travel, tunnel, unravel.

69. The letters ie at the end of a word, are changed into y before ing; as, die, dying; lie, lying.

RULE VII.

70. Words ending with double I drop one l before the terminations less and ly, to prevent trebling; as, skillskilless; full, fully; and some writers before ness and ful; as, fulness, skilful.

71. But words ending in any other double letter preserve the letter double before less, ly, ness, and full; as, harmlessly, stiffly, gruffness, etc.

RULE VIII.

72. Simple words ending in double l, when joined to other words, generally drop one when they lose the accent; as, awful, hopeful, handful, careful, already.

73. But when they are under the accent, the double l should be retained; as, fulfill, willful, recall, foretell. But, until, welcome, always, also, withal, therewithal, wherewithal, have single l.

74. In words under this rule, however, usage is far from uniform fulfil and fulfill; willful and wilful; recal and recall; foretel and foretell, and similar varieties are common.

75. Other compounded words are generally spelled in the same manner as the simple words of which they are formed; as, glass-house, millwright, thereby.

76. Many words in English admit of two or more different modes of spelling; as, connection, connexion; enquire, inquire; chemistry, chymistry; etc. In such cases, prevailing usage and analogy must be our guides.

The orthography of primitive words of Saxon origin—the root words of our language—can be learned only from the spelling-book or dictionary; yet even in regard to them, there are certain modes of classification by which the intelligent teacher will much facilitate their mastery by the pupil.

Capital Letters.

77. The letters commonly used in printing are distin guished and represented as follows:

(1.) CAPITAL LETTERS.

(2.) SMALL CAPITALS.

(3.) Italic letters.

(4.) Lowercase (small letters).

Formerly, every noun began with a capital letter, both in writing and in printing; and in the German language this usage is still retained: but at present, only the following words begin with capital letters:

1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter, note, or any other piece of writing.

2. The first word after a period; also, after a mark of interrogation or exclamation, when the sentence before, and the one after it, are independent of each other. (585).

But if several interrogatory or exclamatory sentences are so connected, that the latter sentences depend on the former, all of them, except the first, may begin with a small letter "How doth the city sit solitary that was full of people! how are her habitations become as desolate! how is she become as a widow! (589).

3. Proper names, titles of office or honor; as, George Washington, General Jackson, Judge Story, Sir Walter Scott, America, the Ohio, Sheldon & Co., New York.

Also, when the title is used without the proper name, it is customary to use the capital; as, “O King, live forever!" But when such words are used as common nouns, or adjectives, they commence with small letters; as, “The king, and the lords, and the people.”

Names of the months, and of the days of the week, etc., begin with capitals. East, West, South, etc., when used to denote a district of country, or its people, commence with capitals; as, "The West is rapidly increasing in population;" but when used to indicate direc tion, they commence with a small letter; as, "Buffalo is west from Albany."

The words river, lake, bay, etc., used as common nouns, commence with small letters; as, “There are many beautiful lakes and navigable rivers," etc., but when joined with a proper name, designating an in dividual, a capital is generally used; as, "The Ohio River, Great Salt Lake," etc.

4. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, are written in capitals.

5. The first word of every line of poetry; as

"Hark! how the sacred calm that breathes around
Bids every fierce, tumultuous passion cease;

In still, small accents whispering from the ground,
A grateful earnest of eternal peace."

6. The appellations of the Deity; as, God, Most High, he Almighty, the Supreme Being, etc.; also, the personal pronouns thou and he, when standing for his name; as, "Praise Him, all ye people!" But when such words are used in a general sense, they commence with small letters, as, "The providence of God is over lords and peasants." "The gods of the heathen bow before our God."

7. Adjectives derived from the proper names of places; as, Grecian, Romar, English, etc.

66

8. The first word of a direct quotation (1123), when the quotation would form a complete sentence by itself; as, Always remember this ancient maxim: Know thyself." When a quotation is not introduced in the direct form (1124), but follows a comma, the first word must not begin with a capital; as, "Solomon observes that 'pride goeth before destruction."

7. Common nouns, when personified; as, "Come, gentle Spring." (1046, 1).

10. Every substantive and principal word in the titles of books; as, "Euclid's Elements of Geometry" "Goldsmith's Deserted Village."

11. Historical eras, events, extraordinary physical phenomena, written instruments, and generally, all words

which are used in a specialized sense; as, the Iron Age, Magna Charta, the Polar Sea, Aurora Borealis, the Day of Judgment, etc.

78. Other words, besides the preceding, may begin with capitals, when they are remarkably emphatic, or the principal subject of the composition.

In cases where there is any doubt as to the proper usage, employ small letter.

Accent.

In the pronunciation of words of more than ons syilable, accent is the superior force of voice upon some particular syllable, to distinguish it from the others; as, ten'der, suppress', tem'perance, indus'trious.

The place of the accent sometimes serves to distinguish words of the same orthography, but of different signification; as, con'duct (behavior), conduct', (to lead); object (an end, purpose), object', (to oppose); gallant (brave), gallart (a gay or fashionable man).

Derivative words (84) generally take the accent upon the primitive part or root; as, boy, boy'ish. But when the primitive words consist of several syllables, a prefix or suffix has often the effect of changing the accent; as, chastise', chas'tisement.

Some compounds take two accents; but many permanent compounds have only one; as, mankind', gen'tlemen.

Many polysyllables have two accents, called primary and secondary; as, dis"-com-pose', cir"-cum-spec'tion, sig"-ni-fi-ca'-tion,

Monosyllables, as separate words, have no distinction of accent; but, in composition, a periodic stress, analogous to accent, designates particular words. This is more noticeable in poetry, but is also recognized in prose; as And it came to pass'." This distinc tion is called rhythm (1060).