584. Syntax is that part of grammar which treats of the proper arrangement and connection of words in a sentence.

585. A Sentence is such an assemblage of words as expresses a thought, and makes complete sense; as, "The boy studies."-"You may recite the lesson to-morrow."Bring the book when you find it." (589, 591, 660.)

66

A Proposition is a single statement or affirmation; as, "Bees make honey." APPENDIX VII.

A sentence used in another sentence to limit it or any part of it, is called a clause; as, "Boys who study will excel."- "John said, he saw Charles." (599, 3; 635, 638.) 586. The Sentence consists of two parts, the Subject and the Predicate (591).

1. The Subject is that of which the affirmation is made; as, Snow is white.-Birds sing.

2. The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject, that is, all the second part of the proposition (601, 619).

Subject.

Wise men

act prudently.

The boy who studies

Good men

The Verb which makes the wffirmer.

will improve.

employ their talents rightly. affirmation is, by itself, called th

587. The real office of the sentence consists in affirming the union of two ideas. Thus, grass and green are two ideas; when the latter is affirmed of the former, we have the sentence, "Grass is green." The word which unites them is called the copula.

The copula, which contains the affirmation, is most frequently included in the predicate; as. Birds fly.

Classification of Sentences.

588. Sentences are divided into different classes: 1. As to the form of the affirmation, or mode of expressing it. 2. As to the nature of the affirmation, depending chiefly upon the meaning of the verb.

3. As to the number of propositions expressed.

I. Forms of Sentences.

589. There are four classes:

1. Declaratory, or such as declare a thing; as, “God is love." 2. Interrogatory, or such as ask a question; as, “Lovest thou me?"

3. Imperative, or such as express a command; as, “Lazarus, come forth!"

4. Exclamatory, or such as contain an exclamation; as, “Be hold how he loved him!"

II. Nature of the Affirmation.

590. Examining the three following sentences, we discover › marked difference in the nature of the affirmation:

Horses eat grass. (Transitive.)

Birds fly. (Intransitive.)

Sugar is sweet. (Attributive.)

These sentences are types of the three classes.

1. A Transitive Sentence asserts an act that must have a receiver (i. e., grammatically, an object).

2. An Intransitive Sentence asserts an act of the person or thing named by the subject, which has no receiver (no object).

3. An Attributive Sentence asserts an attribute*

*The attribute may be an adjective, noun, substantive sentence, infinitive, or participle. This will, of course, include the passive participle, with the verb to be, commonly called the passive verb, or passive voice of the transitive verb.

of the subject, and is connected by the verb to be, or some other attributive verb (604).

NOTE.-In Transitive and Attributive sentences there is what some grammarians call a third part; in the one it consists of the object word and its dependents; in the other, of the attribute and its limiters. These-object and attribute-we prefer to regard as subordinate elements, which may themselves be limited; and as they complete the proposition, we may term them complementary elements (596, 1).

III. Number of Propositions.

591. Sentences, according to the number of propositions they contain, are of two classes, single and compound.

1. A single sentence expresses only one proposition. 2. A compound sentence consists of two or more single sentences or propositions connected together (656).

It will be seen that in this classification, a sentence may assert of two or more subjects; as, "John and James study," or may contain a limiting clause; as, "The boy who studies will improve;" "I will go when the cars go,” and still be a single sentence.

The parts of a compound sentence (independent in grammatical construction) are called members (656, 2). 592. Single sentences may be distributed into three classes (599).

1. Those containing one subject, one verb, and (if transitive or attributive) one object or attribute, called simple sentences; as, "The girl reads" (the book).

2. Composite, having two or more of any of these parts, said to be compound in the part thus affected; as, "John and James brought it."—" She speaks and writes.”— "Horses eat hay and oats."—" He is brave and gentle.”

3. Containing a limiting clause, called complex sentences; as, “I will buy the book if it is a good one.” (635).

SINGLE.

SENTENCE.

Simple (or pure).
Composite......
Complex.

Members coördinate.

COMPOUND.* | Members logically dependent.

Compound sentences are to be separated, in analyss, into their members, and each member treated as a single sentence. Any member considered by itself may have any of the distinctions noticed in single sentences.

593. 1. A phrase is two or more words rightly put together, but not containing an affirmation or making complete sense; as, "In truth "_" In a word."

2. The term phrase, in grammar, is now generally limited to the preposition and its regimen, as an adjunct of the antecedent term (541). Some grammarians, however, apply this term to infinitive and participial clauses.

3. A substantive clause is one which, in the construction of a sentence, is equivalent to a noun or substantive, being 1. The subject of a verb; as, "To do good is to be happy." 2. The object of a transitive verb (320, 1); as, "To do good forget not." 3. The object of a preposition (540); as, "By pursuing this course he succeeded.” 4. The attribute after an attributive verb (604); as, "He appears to be doing well."

Elements of the Sentence.

594. Any word, phrase, or clause, performing a specific

*The sub-division of compound sentences given in the scheme, comprises, 1st (with members coördinate), those that are both grammatically and logically independent of each other; 2d, (logically dependent), those in which one or more members represent a purpose or end, or some logical sequence of the leading member, but do not perform the office of an adjunct clause; as, "I shall go home to-morrow, for I have some work to do."

office is called an element. Some elements are essential to the very existence of the sentence. These are called principal elements. All others are subordinate and attendant elements.

595. The principal elements are,

1. Subjective,—the noun, pronoun, or clause, of which the affir ation is made.

2. Affirmative,-the verb making the affirmation.

596. The subordinate elements are,

1. Complementary,—the object or attribute, in transitive and attributive sentences; and

2. Adjunctive,―words, phrases, or clauses used to limit, like adjectives and adverbs.

597. Attendant elements are conjunctions, expletives (529), and words of euphony.

The following classification exhibits all the sentential elements:

NOTE.—In the analysis of a sentence, the larger offices must be stated before the specific uses and connections of the separate words.

I. Analysis of Sentences.

598. PRELIMINARY REMARKS.-The subject of Analysis here introduced will be found to be an important preparation for the CON STRUCTION OF SENTENCES (660, etc.). After the pupil has become familiar with this portion, the Analysis of two or three sentences