EXPONENTIAL ADJUNCTS. Exponential adjuncts are either complementary or circumstan tial. The relation which they sustain to the words or sentences modified by them, is expressed by the exponents connecting them with the words they modify. The connection existing between exponents and the adjuncts depending upon them, is so inseparable, that the relations of prepositions will be considered under the head of exponents and adjuncts taken together. Complementary adjuncts are the indirect objects of verbs, and the complements of substantives, adjectives, and adverbs. Circumstantial adjuncts are used to express the relations of Time, Place, Cause or Source, Manner, &c. The following table exhibits a classification of exponential adjuncts, and shows the kind of relation expressed by the exponents. I. COMPLEMENTARY ADJUNCTS. 1. Complements of Action; as, "Such a course is productive of evil." 2. Complements of Relation; as, "The son of Philip conquered the world." 3. Complements of Designation; as, "He showed himself a man of in tegrity." 4. Complements of Resemblance, &c.; as, "The waves roared like thunder." 1. Time when; as, "He came on Monday." 2. Time how long; as, "He remained through the day." Frequency, or number of times, is usually expressed without a preposition; as, "I have seen him three times during the past week.. "The road has been repaired many times." (II.) PLACE. I. Direction. 2. Place whence; as, "He came from London." 2. Place whither; as, "He has gone to Athens." II. Locality. 3. Place where; as, "He resides in Boston." (III.) CAUSE OR SOURCE. 1. Agent; as, "The book was written by Southey." 3. Object, or end in view; as, "He toils for wealth." "The instrument is made of silver." 7. Source, origin, &c.; as, "His illness arose from imprudence.” (IV.) MODE. 1. Manner; as, "He acted with prudence." 2. Means; as, "He took the city by stratagem." 4. State or condition; as, "He lay in great pain." 5. Degree of magnitude; as, "He drank to excess." 6. Accompaniment; as, "He rode with his brother." The measure or excess of magnitude is commonly expressed without a preposition; as, "The river is fifty rods wide." 'James is four years older than Charles." CLASSIFICATION OF CONJUNCTIONS. Conjunctions may be divided into classes, according to the relations which they denote. A conjunction may be termed, 1. Copulative, when it simply couples or denotes addition; as, "John and James came." "Six and ten are sixteen." 2. Adversative, when it denotes opposition, transition, or exception; as, "I might assist him, but shall not." "All but three of the company departed." "But I must pass to the last topic of this discourse." 3. Alternative, when it offers or denies a choice; as, "You may go or stay." "I will not favor the bill, nor shall any one do so whom I can influence." 4. Comparative, when it denotes comparison; as, (( Macaulay is more interesting than most writers of English history." "James is more studious than Charles." 5. Causal, when it denotes a cause or reason; as, "I went to Boston because business called me there." "I went to the White Mountains, for my health was suffering from confinement." 6. Illative, when it denotes an inference; as, "A is equal to B, and B is equal to C, therefore A is equal to C." 7. Final, when it denotes a purpose; as, "I called that I might consult you." "Take heed lest any man deceive you." 8. Conditional, when it denotes condition; as, "He will come if I send for him." "I shall go unless circumstances detain me." 9. Concessive, when it denotes a concession; as, "Through what strange infatuation do you expect to escape though all others fall?" 10. Complementary, when it introduces a sentence that is used substantively; as, that, in the sentence, "Do not imagine that anything you can do will satisfy his wounded pride." 11. Temporal, when it marks the relation of time; as, "He left before I came." ILLUSTRATION OF TABLES I. II. AND III. "Alas! man often mistakes his best interests, and departs from the path of duty." Alas is an instinctive element, the sign of emotion. It is an interjection, admitting of no grammatical construction. Man is an essential element, the sign of a thing, belonging to the class substantives, noun, common. It is a common noun, Nom. man, Poss. man's, Obj. man, masculine gender, third person, singular number, nominative case, and the subject of the verb mistakes. [Rule.] Often is a descriptive element, the sign of the property of an action, adverb of time, indefinite, Pos. often, Com. oftener, Sup. oftenest, modifying the verb mistakes. [Rule.] Mistakes is an essential element, the sign of action, a verb, transitive, finite. It is an irregular, transitive verb, mistake, mistook, mistaken, active voice, indicative mood, present tense, third person, singular number, and agrees with the subject of the sentence-man. [Rule.] His is an essential element, the sign of a thing, substantive substantive pronoun, personal. It is a substantive pronoun, Nom. he, Poss. his, Obj. him, masculine gender, third person, singular number, possessive case, and limits the noun interests. [Rule.] Best is a descriptive element, the sign of the property of things, adjective of quality, Pos. good, Comp. better, Sup. best, of the superlative degree, and modifies the word interests. [Rule.] Interests is an essential element, the sign of things, substan. tive, noun, common. It is a common noun, Nom. interests, Poss. interests', Obj. interests, neuter gender, third person, plural number, objective case, and the direct object of the verb mistakes. [Rule.] And is a connective element, the sign of the relation of sentences, conjunction. It is a copulative conjunction, expressing the relation of addition, and connecting the two members of the sentence. [Rule.] Departs is an essential element, the sign of action, a verb, intransitive, finite. It is a regular intransitive verb, depart, departed, departed, active voice, indicative mood, present tense, third person, singular number, connected by the conjunction and to the verb mistakes, and agrees with the subject of the sentence -man. [Rule.] From is a connective element, the sign of the relation of things, preposition, expressing the relation of place whence, and connects the adjunct path with the word it modifies-departs. [Rule.] The is a descriptive element, the sign of the property of things, adjective, article. It is a definite article, modifying the word path. [Rule.] Path is an essential element, the sign of a thing, belonging to the class substantives, noun, common. It is a common noun, Nom. path, Poss. path's, Obj. path, neuter gender, third person, singular number, objective case, and governed by the preposition from. [Rule.] Of is a connective element, the sign of the relation of things preposition, expressing the relation of designation, and connects the adjunct duty with the word path, which it modifies. [Rule.] Duty is an essential element, the sign of a thing, belonging to the class substantives, noun, common. It is a common noun, Nom. duty, Poss. duty's, Obj. duty, neuter gender, third person, singular number, objective case, and governed by the preposition of. [Rule.] ILLUSTRATIONS OF TABLE IV. "The breaking waves dashed high." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. It is simple, because it consists of but one proposition; it is distinct, because the predicate has a distinct form as a finite verb, dashed; it is intellective, because it expresses an act of the understanding; it is declarative, because it asserts something; it is actual, because it makes known a fact; it is positive, because it declares what has had an actual existence. The logical subject is "The breaking waves," containing the simple grammatical subject waves, modified by the definite article the, and the adjective breaking. The logical predicate is "dashed high," containing the simple grammatical predicate dashed, modified by the adverb high. "Will he not come again?" This is a simple, distinct, intellective, interrogative, actual, negative sentence. The logical and grammatical subject is the pronoun he. The logical predicate is, "will not come again," containing the simple grammatical predicate will come, modified by the adverbs not and again. "Sound the loud timbrel." This is a simple, distinct, volitive, positive sentence. The logical and grammatical subject is the pronoun ye, understood The logical predicate is, "sound the loud timbrel," containing the simple grammatical predicate sound, modified by the adjunct timbrel, which is itself modified by the definite article the, and the adjective of quality loud. "We may die ignominiously." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, contingent, positive sentence. The subject is the pronoun we. The logical predicate is, "may die ignominiously," containing the simple grammatical predicate may die, modified by the adverb of manner ignominiously. 'The spirit of true religion breathes gentleness and affability." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. The logical subject is, "the spirit of true religion," containing the simple grammatical subject spirit, modified by the definite article the, and by the exponential adjunct religion, (of which the exponent is the preposition of,) which is itself modified by the adjective of quality true. The logical predicate is, "breathes gentleness and affability," containing the simple grammatical predicate breathes, which is modified by the nude adjuncts gentleness and affability, which are connected together by the conjunction and, and constitute the direct object of the verb. 'Accuracy and correctness of expression must be sought in polished times." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. The logical subject is, "accuracy and correctness of expression," containing the compound grammatica. subject accuracy and correctness, modified by the exponential adjunct (of) expression.* The logical predicate is, "must be sought in polished times," containing the simple grammatical predicate must be sought, modified by the exponential adjunct (in) times, which is itself modified by the adjective polished. "Beauty is an all-pervading presence." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. The logical and grammatical subject is beauty. The logical predicate is, "is an all-pervading presence," containing the simple grammatical predicate (or copula) is, and the attribute presence, modified by the adjective all-pervading. "The air is cool." This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. The logical subject is the air, containing the simple grammatical subject air, modified by the definite article the. The logical predicate is, "is cool," containing the simple grammatical predicate (or copula) is, and the attribute cool. "He aimed to persuade men that they could be moved by gentler excitements." This paragraph contains the leading clause, "He aimed men," and the subordinate clause "that . . . excitements." note the leading clause by A, and the subordinate clause by 1. دو De A. This is a simple, distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence. The logical and grammatical subject is the pronoun he. The logical predicate is, "aimed men, containing the simple grammatical predicate aimed, modified by the infinitive to persuade, which is itself modified by the nude adjunct men, and by the dependent clause "that excitements." excitements,' is a simple, 1. The clause "that distinct, intellective, declarative, actual, positive sentence, connected by the conjunction that to A, as a subordinate clause, performing the office of a substantive. The logical and gram matical subject is the pronoun they. The logical predicate The exponent is here prefixed to the adjunct in parenthesis, instead of saying "the exponential adjunct expression, of which the exponent is the preposition of." This mode of expression is adopted in all the succeeding examples. The dots between the words aimed and men stand in the place of the intervening words of the sentence, to save room in printing So, also, in all other instances where similar marks are used. |