18. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 130. ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS are words used sometimes like adjectives to qualify a noun, and sometimes like pronouns to stand instead of nouns. 131. Adjective pronouns are divided into four classes; namely, Possessive, Distributive, Demonstrative, and Indefinite. 132. The Possessive pronouns are such as denote possession. They are My, thy, his, her, our, your, their, its own. 133. OBS. 1. The possessive pronoun is in fact only another form of the possessive case of the personal pronoun, having the same meaning but a different construction. The possessive pronoun, like the adjective, is always followed by a substantive; as, This is my book. The possessive case of the personal pronoun is never followed by a substantive, but refers to one previously expressed; as, this book is mine. The possessive case of the substantive is used both ways; as this book is John's; or, this is John's book. (App. XIV.) 134. OBS. 2. His and her when followed by a substantive are possessive pronouns ; not followed by a substantive, his is the possessive case of he; and her is the objective case of she. 135. OBS. 3. Mine and thine were formerly used, before a vowel or the letter h, as possessives for my and thy; as, "Blot out all mine iniquities;" ""Commune with thine heart." 136. OBS. 4. Own is not used as a possessive pronoun by itself, but is added to the other possessive pronouns, and to the possessive case of nouns, to render them emphatic; as, My own book; The boy's own book. The possessive pronoun with own following it, may stand alone, having its substantive understood; as, It is my own. 137. The distributive pronouns represent objects as taken separately. They are Each, every, either, neither. 138. OBS. 1. Each denotes two things taken separately; or every one of any number taken singly. Every denotes more than two things taken individually, and comprehends them all. Either means one of two, but not both. Neither means not either. Each other applies to two; one another, to more than two. 139. The demonstrative pronouns point out objects definitely. They are, This and that, with their plurals these and those. 140. OBS. 1, Yon, and former and latter, may be called demon. strative pronouns, as well as this and that. 141. OBS. 2. That is sometimes a relative, sometimes a demonstrative, and sometimes a conjunction. 1. It is a relative, when it can be turned into who or which; as, The days that (or which) are past, are gone forever. 2. It is a demonstrative, when it is placed before a noun, or refers to one at some distance from it; as, That book is new; that is what I want. 3. It is a conjunction when it can not be changed into who or which, but marks a consequence, an indication, or final end; as, He was so proud, that he was universally despised: He answered, that he never was so happy as now: Live well, that you may be happy. 142. The indefinite pronouns denote persons or things indefinitely. They are, None, any, all, such, whole, some, both, one, other. The two last are declined like nouns. 143. Among the indefinites may also be reckoned such words as, no, few, many, several, and the like; as well as the compounds, whoever, whatever, whichsoever, etc., and who, which, and what, in responsive sentences (§ 16, Obs. 4). 144. None is used in both numbers, but it can not be joined to a noun. (App. xiv.) 145. PARSING ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. Adjective Pronouns are parsed by stating the class to which hey belong and the word which they qualify; thus, My book." My, a possessive adjective pronoun, qualifying book. PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES ON NOUNS, etc. Distinguish and parse etymologically the words in the following exercises, a previously directed. A man, he, who, which, that, his, me, mine, thine, whose, they, hers, it, we, us, I, him, its, horse, mare. master, thou, theirs, thee, you, my, thy, our, your, their, his, her; this, these; that, those; each, every, other any, none, bride, daughter, uncle, wife's, sir, girl, madam, box, dog, lad; a gay lady; sweet apples; strong bulls; fat oxen; a mountainous country. Compare-Rich, merry, furious, covetous, large, little, good, bad, near, wretched, rigorous, delightful, sprightly, spacious, splendid, gay, imprudent, pretty. The human mind; cold water; he, thou, she, it; woody mountains; the naked rock; youthful jollity; goodness divine; justice severe; this, thy, others, one; a peevish boy; hers, their strokes; pretty girls; his rapid flight; her delicate cheeks; a man who; the sun that; a bird which; himself, themselves, itself; that house; these books. "Correct-The person which waited on us yesterday. The horse who rode down the man. The dog who was chained at the door. Those sort of trees. These kind of persons. The angel which appeared to Moses. The boys which learned their lessons so well. The sun who shines so bright. Those kind of amusements. The woman which told me the story. The messenger which carried the letter. The court who sat last week. The member which spoke last. I have brought three books, you may take either of them, or neither of them. There were twenty men, each with a spear; but nei ther of them was fully armed. § 19. THE VERB. 146. A VERB is a word used to express the act, being, or state of its subject; as, I write; you are; time flies; he is loved. App. XV. 147. The use of the verb in simple propositions is to affirm or declare; that of which it affirms, is called its subject or nominative. 148. Verbs are of two kinds; Transitive and Intransitive. App. XVI. 149. A TRANSITIVE VERB expresses an act done by one person or thing to another; as, "James strikes the table." "The table is struck by James." It has two forms, called the Active and the Passive voice (§ 21). 150. An INTRANSITIVE VERB expresses the being, or state of its subject, or an act not done to another; as, I am, he sleeps, you run. 151. In this division, Transitive verbs include all those which express an act that passes over from the actor to an object acted upon; as, He loves us; We are loved by him. Intransitive verbs include all verbs not transitive, whether they express an action or not; as, I am, you walk, they run (See § 21, Obs. 2, 3). 152. Intransitive verbs, from their nature, can have no distinction of voice. Their form is generally active; as, I stand, I run. A few admit also the passive form; as, He is come," "they are gone :" equivalent to "He has come," "they have gone.” 153. Intransitive verbs are sometimes rendered transitive, and so capable of a passive form, viz: 1. By the addition of another word; as, Intrans. I laugh; 2. By adding, as an object, a noun of similar signification; as, 154. Transitive verbs in the active voice, and intransitive verbs, being of the same form, can be distinguished only by their signification and construction. The following marks will enable the student to make this necessary distinction with ease and certainty. 1st. A transitive verb in the active voice requires an object after it to complete the sense; as, The boy studies grammar (§ 48, Rem. 3). An intransitive verb requires no object after it, but the sense is complete without it; as, He sits, you ride. 2d. Every transitive active verb can be changed into the passive form; thus, “ James strikes the table," can be changed into “The table is struck by James." But the intransitive verb can not be so changed; thus, I smile, can not be changed into I am smiled. 3d. In the use of the transitive verb there are always three things implied; the actor, the act, and the object acted upon; in the use of the intransitive there are only two; the subject or thing spoken of, and the state or action attributed to it. 155. A transitive verb without an object is used intransi» tively; as, He reads and writes well = He is a good reader and writer. 156. In respect of form, verbs are divided into Regular, Irregular, and Defective. 157. A REGULAR verb is one that forms its Past tense in the Indicative active, and its Past participle by adding ed to the Present; as, Present, love: Past, loved; Past participle, loved (37). 158. An IRREGULAR verb is one that does not form its Past tense in the Indicative active, and Past participle, by adding ed to the Present; thus, Present, write; Past, wrote; Past participle, writ ten. 159. A DEFECTIVE verb is one in which some of the parts are wanting. To this class belong chiefly Auxiliary and Impersonal verbs. |