adverb; the corresponding as and so are adverbs also, as they may be resolved into an adjunct; thus, "It is as high as Hea ven;" i. e. high in the degree IN WHICH Heaven is high.

5. The compounds of here, there, where; and hither, thither, whither, are all adverbs. Therefore and wherefore, sometimes called conjunctions, are properly adverbs also; therefore being equivalent to for this reason, and wherefore equivalent to for which reason; as an interrogative for what reason?

6. Many words are used sometimes as adverbs, and sometimes as other parts of speech; thus,

Much is used, 1. As an adverb; as, It is much better to give than to receive.

-2. As an adjective; as, In much wisdom is much

grief.

-3. As a noun; as, where much is given, much is

required.

Yesterday is used, 1. As an adverb; as, He came yesterday. --2. As a noun; as, Yesterday is past.

Before is used, 1. As an adverb; as, He came before the door was opened.

-2. As a preposition; as, He stood before the door.

7. Circumstances of time, place, manner, etc. are often expressed by two or more words constituting an adverbial phruse; as, in short, in fine, in general, at most, at least, at length, not at all, by no means, in vain, in order, long ago, by and bye, to and fro, etc., which, taken together, may be parsed as adverbs, or by supplying the ellipsis; thus, in a short space; in a general way, etc.

8. There, commonly used as an adverb of place, is often used as an introductory expletive to the verbs to be, to come, to appear, and some others, when the subject, in declaratory sentences, follows the verb; as, "There is no doubt of the fact;" "There. came to the beach a poor exile of Erin;""There appears to be a mistake somewhere." Sometimes, when the subject goes before, it is placed between the subject and the verb; as, "A mistake there is." In all such cases, there is a mere expletive. It adds nothing to the sense, but still it enables to vary the form of expression, and to soften the abruptness which would otherwise

exist. This will appear by omitting it in any of the above examples.

231. PARSING.-An abverb is parsed by stating what part of speech-the class to which it belongs—the word which it modifies-its derivation and comparison, if derived and compared. thus, "He speaks fluently." Fluently, an adverb of manner, and modifies "speaks;" derived from fluent, and compared more fluently, most fluently.

EXERCISES ON ADVERBS, IRREGULAR VERBS, etc.

Parse the words in the following exercises.

Peter wept bitterly. He is here now. She went away yesterday. They came to-day. They will perhaps buy some to-morrow. Ye shall know hereafter. She sung sweetly. Cats soon learn to catch mice. Mary rose up hastily. They that have enough may sleep soundly. Cain wickedly slew his brother. I saw nim long ago. He is a very good man. Sooner or later all must die. You read too little. They talk too much. James acted wisely. How many lines can you repeat? You ran hastily. He speaks fluently. Then were they glad. He fell fast asleep. She should not hold her head down. The ship was driven ashore. No, indeed. They are all alike. Let him that is athirst drink freely. The oftener you read with attention, the more you will improve.

§ 35. PREPOSITIONS.

232. A PREPOSITION is a word which shows the relation between a noun or pronoun following it, and some other word in the sentence; as, Before honor is humility. The love of money is the root of all evil. Come to me.

283. NOTE. Of the words related, that before the preposition is called the antecedent term, and that after it, the subsequent term.

234. Words of this class are called prepositions, because they are usually placed before the nouns or pronouns to which they refer. The principal, are contained in the following

236.

OBSERVATIONS ON PREPOSITIONS.

1. Every preposition requires an objective case after it. When a preposition has not a subsequent term or object, it becomes an adverb; as, He rides about. But in such phrases as, cast up, hold out, fall on, the words up, out, on, must be considered each as a part of the verb, rather than as a preposition or an adverb.

2. Certain words are used sometimes as prepositions, and sometimes as adverbs; as, till, until, after, before, etc.

3. Such words as near, nigh, like, etc., sometimes ranked as prepositions, are more properly adjectives or adverbs, and the objective case after them governed by to understood; as, Near (te) the house,

4. Inseparable prepositions are certain particles never found by

themselves, but always in composition with another word. Those purely English are a, be, fore, mis, un.

237. PARSING. A preposition is parsed by stating what part of speech, and between what words it shows the relation; thus, “The waters of Jordan." Of is a preposition, and shows the relation between Jordan the antecedent, and waters the subsequent term.

EXERCISES CONTAINING PREPOSITIONS.

Parse the words in the following exercises.

He went to town. His father resides in the country. He gave part of his dinner to a poor man in the street. They divided the inheritance among them. All rivers flow into the ocean. He was travelling towards Rome when they met him at Milan, without a single attendant. The coach was upset between Bristol and London on Wednesday last.

§ 36. INTERJECTIONS.

238. An INTERJECTION is a word used in exclamations to express an emotion of the mind; as, "Oh! what a sight is here!" "Well done!"

NOTE. An interjection has no grammatical connection with the other words in a sentence.

A LIST OF INTERJECTIONS.

Adieu! ah! alas! alack! away! aha! begone! hark! ho! ha! he! hail! halloo! hum! hush! huzza! hist! hey-dey! lo! O! Oh! O strange! O brave! pshaw! see! well-a-day! &c.

239.

OBSERVATIONS ON INTERJECTIONS.

1. Many words denominated interjections, are in fact nouns or verbs, employed in the rapidity of thought and expression occasioned by strong emotion, to denote what would otherwise require more words to express; as Adieu! for "I commend you to

you are

God;" Strange! for "that is strange;" Welcome! for welcome;" and hence any word or phrase may become an interjection, or be used as such, when it is expressed with emotion, and in an unconnected manner; as, What! Ungrateful creature! Shocking!

2. O is used to express wishing or exclamation, and should be prefixed only to a noun or pronoun, in a direct address; as, "0 virtue! How amiable thou art." Oh! is used detached from the word, with a point of exclamation after it. It implies an emotion of pain, sorrow, or surprise; as, "Oh! what a sight is here."

240. PARSING.-An interjection is parsed by stating the part of speech, why, and the emotion expressed; as, "Oh! what a sight is here!" Oh!—an interjection, because used as an excla mation, and expresses an emotion of pain.

§ 37. CONJUNCTIONS.

241. A CONJUNCTION is a word which connects words or sentences; as, "You and I must study; but he may go and play.

242. Conjunctions are divided into two classes; Copulative and Disjunctive.

243. Copulative Conjunctions connect things that are to be considered together. They are both, and, as, because, for, if, since, that.

244. Disjunctive Conjunctions connect things that are to be considered separately. The principal are Either, or, neither, nor, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, not withstanding, save, provided, whereas.

245. And is the principal copulative, and denotes addition. It has frequently both as a related antecedent conjunction in the preteding member. The other copulatives denote condition, supposition, etc.

246. Or and nor are the principal disjunctive conjunctions, and ·¡ometimes have, for their related antecedent conjunctions, either and neither respectively. . The other disjunctives denote concession doubt, opposition, etc.