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CONTENTS.

MILITARY SYSTEM AND EDUCATION IN PRUSSIA,

I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM,..

1. The Standing Army,....

2. The National Militia, or First Landwehr,.

3. The Last Reserve, or Landsturm,......
Origin of the Landwehr System,... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....

II. HISTORICAL VIEW OF MILITARY EDUCATION,........

Basis of the present System is a good General Education,..
Origin of the Military Schools in the Wars of the Reformation,..

School of Frederick William in 1653,...

Military Academy opened in 1765,..

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Plans of Scharnhorst and Stein in 1807,...

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Origin and Changes of the Division Schools,..

III. PRESENT SYSTEM OF MILITARY EDUCATION AND PROMOTION,.
Usual Conditions and Course of obtaining a Commission,..

1. A good General Education,..

2. Actual Military Service,....

3. Professional Knowledge by Military Study,.

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IV. EXAMINATIONS-GENERAL AND PROFESSIONAL FOR A COMMISSION,.

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Programme of Studies, on which Examination turns,..

V. MILITARY SCHOOLS FOR PREPARING OFFICERS,......

1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses,..

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B. Military Orphan-House at Annaburg,.

VII. ELEMENTARY MILITARY SCHOOLS FOR NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS,..

1. Military Orphan-Houses,..........

A. Military Orphan-House at Potsdam,...

2. The School Division, or Non-Commissioned Officers' School,.

3. Regimental Schools,..

4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz,....

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VIII. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE SYSTEM OF MILITARY EDUCATION IN PRUSSIA,..... 348 APPENDIX,..

THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS' SCHOOL AT BERLIN,.............

Object and Course of Study,.......

Staff and Authorities,.....

Superior Authorities, or Curatorium,
Executive Authorities,..

Course of Instruction,..

A. General Course,.

B. Instruction in Detail,.

Financial Matters,..

PROGRAMMES OF PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS Taught,.

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1. Artillery,.....

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Preliminary Instruction:-a. Mathematics; b. Physics; c. Chemistry; d. Tac

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3. Artillery in Technical and Administrative point of view,

4. Progress and Literature of Artillery,....

D. General Distribution of Time for each Cœtus,..............

2. GENERAL AND SPECIAL ENGINEERING IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CŒTus,.... 373 A. First Cœtus......

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A. First Cœtus-Arithmetic, Algebra, Plane Geometry, Plane Trigonometry...... 381
B. Second Cœtus-Geometry of Solids, Solid Trigonometry, Projection, Conic

Sections,..

382

C. Statics, Geostatics, Hydrostatics,..

D. Dynamics and Hydraulics,..

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7. PRACTICAL ARTILLERY EXERCISES,.

1. First Cœtus,....

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A. Visits--a. Foundry and the Boring-Machine; b. Examination of Ordnance,

Carriages, &c.; c. Workshops,...

B. Exercises-a. Small-Arms; b. Management of Machines,..

2. Second Cœtus,......

Tracing Batteries; Placing Ordnance; Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, 378 3. First and Second Cœtus,..

Proof of Powder; Artillery Practice; Laboratory,.

4. Third Cœtus,..

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Visit to and practice in Workshops; Iron Foundry; Boring-Machine,........ 390
Ammunition; Cannon; Gun-Carriages; Rules of placing Guns; Sham Siege, 391

8. PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN FORTIFICATION,..

THE WAR OR STAFF SCHOOL AT BERLIN,...........

1. Objects and Plan; 2. Instruction; 3. Professors and Students,..

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MILITARY SYSTEM AND EDUCATION IN PRUSSIA.*

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I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM.

ACCORDING to the law of the 3rd of September, 1814, which is the basis of the present military organization of Prussia, every Prussian above twenty years of age, is bound to service in arms for the defense of his country.

The military force of the country is made up of three distinct bodies, and the whole of the adult male population is distributed among them. It consists of,

I. The Standing Army.

II. The National Militia or Landwehr, divided into two portions, viz., the first Landwehr and the second Landwehr.

III. The Last Reserve or Landsturm.

I. The standing army is composed of all young men between twenty and twenty-five years of age. The period of service in time of war is for five years, but in time of peace the young soldiers can obtain leave of absence after three years' service;-they belong for the remaining two years to what is termed the "reserve," receiving neither pay nor clothing, and they are subject to be recalled if war should break out.

Encouragement, indeed, is given and advantages held out to induce men to stay, and to take a new engagement for an additional term of six years; but it is said that only a small number are thus obtained. The bulk of the troops are men serving for this short time; and there are many, it should be added, whose term of service is even yet shorter. For all educated young men, all, that is, who pass a certain examination, are allowed, on condition that they pay for their own equipment and receive no pay, to shorten their service from three years to one. This privilege appears to be very largely used. It should also be stated, that young men of any class may volunteer to perform their service at any age after seventeen. The Prussian standing army amounts at the present time to

* Compiled from the "Report, and Accompanying Documents of the Royal Commission on Foreign Military Education," 1857.

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