Interpenetrating Polymer Networks and Related MaterialsTo the surprise of practically no one, research and engineering on multi polymer materials has steadily increased through the 1960s and 1970s. More and more people are remarking that we are running out of new monomers to polymerize, and that the improved polymers of the future will depend heavily on synergistic combinations of existing materials. In the era of the mid-1960s, three distinct multipolymer combinations were recognized: polymer blends, grafts, and blocks. Although inter penetrating polymer networks, lPNs, were prepared very early in polymer history, and already named by Millar in 1960, they played a relatively low-key role in polymer research developments until the late 1960s and 1970s. I would prefer to consider the IPNs as a subdivision of the graft copolymers. Yet the unique topology of the IPNs imparts properties not easily obtainable without the presence of crosslinking. One of the objectives of this book is to point out the wealth of work done on IPNs or closely related materials. Since many papers and patents actually concerned with IPNs are not so designated, this literature is significantly larger than first imagined. It may also be that many authors will meet each other for the first time on these pages and realize that they are working on a common topology. The number of applications suggested in the patent literature is large and growing. Included are impact-resistant plastics, ion exchange resins, noise-damping materials, a type of thermoplastic elastomer, and many more. |
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Page 2
... indicate chains going to further crosslink sites . * molecule . On the submicroscopic level , a branch point is chemically identical to a crosslink , except that the chains generally terminate after a finite number of further branches ...
... indicate chains going to further crosslink sites . * molecule . On the submicroscopic level , a branch point is chemically identical to a crosslink , except that the chains generally terminate after a finite number of further branches ...
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... indicates the heat of mixing , and the second term indicates the entropy of mixing . Demixing occurs because the Gibbs free energy of mixing changes sign , from negative to positive , * as molecular weight increases . Qualitatively ...
... indicates the heat of mixing , and the second term indicates the entropy of mixing . Demixing occurs because the Gibbs free energy of mixing changes sign , from negative to positive , * as molecular weight increases . Qualitatively ...
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... indicated by the height the ball bounces back , and the loss modulus is the remainder , the energy lost during the collision of the ball with the floor . The formal mathematical relationship is given by E * = E ' + iE " ( 2.4 ) where E ...
... indicated by the height the ball bounces back , and the loss modulus is the remainder , the energy lost during the collision of the ball with the floor . The formal mathematical relationship is given by E * = E ' + iE " ( 2.4 ) where E ...
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... indicate greater molecular mixing . In fact , Figure 2.10 , with one sharp composition- dependent glass transition , behaves in a manner similar to its isomeric , compositionally equivalent random copolymer . Figure 2.8 . Loss and ...
... indicate greater molecular mixing . In fact , Figure 2.10 , with one sharp composition- dependent glass transition , behaves in a manner similar to its isomeric , compositionally equivalent random copolymer . Figure 2.8 . Loss and ...
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Contents
1 | |
11 | |
A Nomenclature for Multipolymer Systems | 31 |
1 Examples of the Proposed Nomenclature | 40 |
HomoIPNs as Model Networks | 49 |
35 | 62 |
Synthesis of IPNs and Related Materials | 65 |
A B wwwwwwww | 87 |
26 | 102 |
Morphology and Glass Transition Behavior | 105 |
Engineering Mechanical and General Behavior | 167 |
Actual or Proposed Applications | 201 |
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY | 243 |
INDEX | 263 |
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Common terms and phrases
ABCP acid acrylate Appl benzoyl peroxide block copolymers butadiene butyl butyl acrylate castor oil chains Chem chemical blends component composition continuous phase crosslink density crosslink level crosslinked polymer cured D. A. Thomas diisocyanate divinyl elastomer emulsion emulsion polymerization epoxy equation equivalent weight films gelation glass transition glycol graft copolymers homo-IPNs homopolymer Interpenetrating Polymer Networks isocyanate J. A. Manson K. C. Frisch Klempner L. H. Sperling latex latex IPNs Lipatov Macromolecules materials methyl methacrylate mixing mixture modulus molding molecular monomer morphology network II P₁ particles phase domain phase inversion phase separation physical crosslinks plastic Plenum PMMA poly poly(methyl methacrylate poly(vinyl polyacrylate polybutadiene polyester Polymer Blends polymerization polystyrene polyurethane Potassium persulfate prepared prepolymer properties random copolymer reacted reaction resin rubber seed latex semi-II semi-IPNs semi-SINS sequential IPNs SINS solution structure styrene swelling synthesis Table temperature tensile thermoplastic IPNs unsaturated urethane v₁ vinyl York