Black Scientists, White Society, and Colorless Science: A Study of Universalism in American Science |
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100 percent due academia Academic Scientists affirmative action American science average awarded biologists black American scientists black and white black female scientists black males black peers black respondents black scientists black women scientists Blacks Whites Blacks career articles career patterns Cohort III Cole and Cole correlation degree discrimination doctoral scientists due to rounding employment gender graduate school groups Hagstrom high school historically black colleges historically black institutions Howard University Julian less major National Science Foundation norms number of black percent versus Ph.D Ph.D.-Granting Department physostigmine position predoctoral publications predominantly white colleges predominantly white institutions prestige professional proportion of black published Race and Cohort racially segregated reported sample scholars scientific careers scientific community scientific productivity Scientists by Race social scientists sociologists sociology of science status of blacks Table tion Total percent 100.0 unranked departments variables white peers white respondents white scientists Whites Blacks Whites women in science