emotions of the speaker; as, "Oh! I have alienated my friend; Alas! I fear, for life;

tue! how amiable thou art !"

"O vir

The following are some of the Interjections: O! pish! heigh! lo! behold! ah! tush! fie! hush! hail!

OF DERIVATION.

Words are derived from one another in various ways, viz.

1. Substantives are derived from verbs; as, from "to love" comes "lover."

2. Verbs are derived from substantives, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs; as, from "salt" comes "to salt;" from "warm" comes "to warm;" from "forward” comes "to forward."

3. Adjectives are derived from substantives; as, from "health" comes healthy."

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4. Substantives are derived from adjectives; as, from "white" comes "whiteness."

5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives; as, from "base" comes 66 basely."

SYNTAX

The third part of Grammar is SYNTAX, which treats of the agreement and construction of words in a sentence.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming a complete sense.

Sentences are of two kinds, SIMPLE and COM

POUND.

A simple sentence has in it but one subject, and one finite verb; as, "Life is short.'

A compound sentence consists of two or more

simple sentences connected together; as, "Life is short, and art is long ;" "Idleness produces want, vice, and misery."

A phrase is two or more words rightly put together, making sometimes part of a sentence, and sometimes a whole sentence.

The principal parts of a simple sentence are, the subject, the attribute, and the object.

The subject is the thing chiefly spoken of; the attribute is the thing or action affirmed, or denied of it; and the object is the thing affected by such action.

The nominative denotes the subject, and usually goes before the verb or attribute; and the word or phrase, denoting the object, follows the verb ; as, "A wise man governs his passions." Here, a wise man is the subject; governs, the attribute, or thing affirmed; and his passions, the object.

Syntax principally consists of two parts, Concord and Government.

Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case, or person. Government is that power which one part of speech has over another, in directing its mood, tense, or case.

The principal Rules, in this Syntax, should first be committed to memory by the Pupil; afterwards, those Appendages and Notes in Italicks, which will be found useful in parsing.

RULE I.

A verb must agree with its nominative case, in number and person; as, "I learn ;" "Thou art improved ;"The birds sing."

Appendage. The phrases as follows, as appears, form what are called impersonal verbs, and should, therefore, be confined to the singular number: the construction being, "as it follows," "as it appears;" and such as follow, such as appear, to the plural num ber; as, "The arguments were as follow," The positions were such as appear."

Note 1. The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is sometimes

put as the nominative case to the verb, and may have an adjective agreeing with it; as, "To see the sun is pleasant;" "To be good is to be happy."

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Observation. The infinitive mood does the office of a substantive in different cases: in the nominative; as, "To play is pleasant:"-in the objective; as, "Boys love to play;" ;""For to will is present with me; but to perform that which is good, I find not." Note 2. Every verb, except in the infinitive mood, or the paro ticiple, ought to have a nominative case, either expressed or implied; as," Awake; arise;" that is, “ Awake ye; arise ye."

Note 3. Every nominative case, except the case absolute, and when an address is made to a person, should belong to some verb either expressed or implied; as, "Who wrote this book?" "James," that is, "James wrote it." "To whom thus Adam," that is, "spoke."

Note 4. When a verb comes between two nouns, either of which may be understood as the subject of the affirmation, it may agree with either of them; but some regard must be had to that which is more naturally the subject of it, as also to that which stands next to the verb; as, His meat was locusts and wild honey;' The wages of sin is death."

Note 5. When the nominative case has no personal tense of a verb, but is put before a participle, independently on the rest of the sentence, it is called the case absolute; as, "Shame being lost, all virtue is lost;""The lesson having been recited, the boy was dismissed."

The nominative case is commonly placed before the verb; but sometimes it is put after the verb, if it is a simple tense; and between the auxiliary, and the verb or participle, if a compound tense; as,

1st, When a question is asked, a command given, or a wish expressed; as, "Confidest thou in me ?" "Read thou;" "Mayst thou be happy!" Long live the King!"

2d, When a supposition is made, without the conjuction if; as, "Were it not for this;" "Had I been there.'

3d, When a verb neuter is used; as, "On a sudden appeared the king ;" "Above it stood the seraphim."

4th, When the verb is preceded by the adverbs, here, there, then, thence, hence, thus, &c.; as, "Here am I;""There was he slain;"" Then cometh the end;"" Thence ariseth his grief;" "Hence proceeds his anger;" "Thus was the affair settled."

5th, When a sentence depends on neither or nor, so as to be coupled with another sentence; as, "Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die."

6th, When an emphatical adjective introduces a sentence; as, "Happy is the man, whose heart does not reproach him.'

RULE II.

Two or more nouns, or a noun and pronoun, in the singular number, joined together by a copulative conjunction, expressed or understood, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural number; as, "Socrates and

Plato were wise; they were the most eminent philosophers of Greece;" "The sun that rolls over our heads, the food that we receive, the rest that we enjoy, daily admonish us of a superiour and superintending Power."

Exception to RULE II. When a Copulative Conjunction connects two or more nouns, which refer to the same person or thing, the verb should be singular; as, "That able scholar and critick had been eminently useful to the cause of religion."

Note 1. When the nouns are nearly related, or scarcely distinguishable in sense, some authors have improperly thought it allowable to put the verbs, nouns, and pronouns, in the singular number. The following sentences are ungrammatical. Tranquillity and peace dwells there;" "Ignorance and negligence has produced the effect."

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Note 2. In many complex sentences, it is difficult for learners to determine, whether one or more of the clauses are to be considered as the nominative case; and consequently, whether the verb should be in the singular or plural number. The following are correct examples of both numbers. The ship, with all her furniture, was destroyed;" "The prince, as well as the people, was blameworthy." "Virtue, honour, nay, even self-interest, conspire to recommend the measure.' "Nothing delights me so much as the works of nature."

Note 3. If the singular nouns and pronouns, which are joined together by a copulative conjunction, be of several persons, in making the plural pronoun agree with them in person, the second takes place of the third, and the first of both; as, "Thou and he shared it between you." "James, and thou, and I, are attached to our country."

RULE III.

The conjunction disjunctive has an effect contrary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number; as, "Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake;" "John, James, or Joseph, intends to accompany me;" "There is in many minds, neither knowledge nor understanding."

Note 1. When singular pronouns, or a noun and pronoun, of different persons, are disjunctively connected, the verb must agree with that person which is placed nearest to it; as, "I or thou art to blame;" Thou or I am in fault ;" "I, or thou, or he, is the author of it;""George or I am the person." But it would be better to say, "Either I am to blame or thou art," &c. E

Note 2. When a disjunctive occurs between a singular noun, or pronoun, and a plural one, the verb is made to agree with the plural noun and pronoun; but in this case, when it can be done, the plural noun or pronoun should be placed next to the verb; as "Neither poverty nor riches were injurious to him ;" "I or they were offended by it."

RULE IV.

A noun of multitude, or signifying many, may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, either of the singular or plural number; yet not without regard to the import of the word, as conveying unity or plurality of idea; as, "The meeting was large;" "The parliament is dissolved;" "The nation is powerful;""My people do not consider they have not known me; The multitude eagerly pursue pleasure as their chief good;" "The council were divided in their sentiments."

RULE V.

Part 1. Pronouns must always agree with their antecedents, and the nouns for which they stand, in gender and number; as, "This is the friend whom I love ;" "That is the vice which I hate ;" "The ." " The king and the queen had put on their robes ;" moon appears, and she shines, but the light is not

her own.

Part 2. The relative is of the same person as the antecedent, and the verb agrees with it accordingly; as, "Thou who lovest wisdom;" "I who speak from experience."

App. 1. Every relative must have an antecedent to which it refers, either expressed or implied; as, "Who is fatal to others, is so to himself;" that is, "the man who is fatal to others."

two cases;

App. 2. What is very frequently used as the representative of one the objective after a verb or preposition, and the other, the nominative to a subséquent verb; as, “I heard what was said." "He related what was seen.'

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App. 3. The relative frequently refers to a whole clause in the sentence, instead of a particular word in it; as, "The resolution was adopted hastily, and without due consideration, which produced great dissatisfaction;" that is, "which thing," namely, the hasty adoption of the resolution.