LUXOR

1385.-Union with Hungary. See HUNGARY: 1301-1442.

1410.-Rule over the empire. See GERMANY: 1347-1493.

LUXOR, village of Upper Egypt. It is the center, for visitors, to the ruins of Thebes and the region around it. The famous temple of Luxor was built by Amenhophis III. The population in 1907 was 12,644.-See also EGYPT: B. C. 1414-1379; 1922-1923; TEMPLES: Ancient examples.

LUYNES, Charles d'Albert, Duc de (15781621), French courtier. See FRANCE: 1610-1619. LUZERN. See LUCERNE.

LUZERNE, Anne César Count de la (17411791), French diplomat. Minister to the United States, 1779-1783. See U. S. A.: 1782 (September). LUZON, largest island in the Philippines. (See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Map). By an eruption of the Mayon volcano in 1897 four hundred persons were buried in the lava, and the town of Libog was completely destroyed.

1571.-Conquest by Spaniards. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: 1564-1572.

1898. Question as to cession to the United States from Spain. See U. S. A.: 1898 (JulyDecember).

LUZZARA, Battle of (1702). See ITALY: 1701

1713.

LUZZATTI, Luigi (1841- ), Italian states

man. See ITALY: 1909-1911; COÖPERATION: Italy; SUFFRAGE, MANHOOD: Italy: 1908-1912.

LUZZATTO, Samuel David (1800-1865), Italian Hebrew scholar and writer. See Jews: 18th19th centuries.

LVOV, George Eugenievich, Prince (b. 1861), Russian statesman. See RUSSIA: 1917: New Russian government; 1917: Disintegrating propaganda; WORLD WAR: 1917: III. Russia and the eastern front: f; n.

LVOV, N. Vladimir, Russian church official. See RUSSIA: 1917 (August); WORLD WAR: 1917: III. Russia and the eastern front: n.

LYDIANS

now, of course, they cannot do, but these things must needs rest with the Romans.' . . . On the practical working of this constitution Strabo bestows the highest praise. Lykia was, in his day, a Roman dependency, but it retained its own laws and internal government."-E. A. Freeman, History of federal government, ch. 4, sect. 4.

LYCIANS.-The people who occupied in ancient times the extreme southern peninsula of Asia Minor. "The ancients knew of no unmixed population in this district. The Phoenicians explored the Lycian Taurus as well as the Cilician; and by land also Semitic tribes seem to have immigrated out of Syria and Cilicia; and these tribes formed the tribe of the Solymi. Another influx of popula tion was conducted to this coast by means of the Rhodian chain of islands: men of Crete came across, who called themselves Termili or Trameli, and venerated Sarpedon as their Hero. After an arduous struggle, they gradually made themselves masters of the land encircled by sea and rock. . . . From the mouth of the Xanthus the Cretans entered the land. There Leto had first found a hospitable reception; in Patara, near by, arose the first great temple of Apollo, the god of light, or Lycius, with the worship of whom the inhabitants of the land became subsequently to such a degree identified as to receive themselves from the Greeks on whose coasts they landed the same name as the god, viz., Lycians. . . . We know that the Lycians, in courage and knowledge of the sea fully the equals of the most seafaring nation of the Archipelago, from a desire of an orderly political life, renounced at an early period the public practice of piracy, which their neighbours in Pisidia and Cilicia never relinquished. Their patriotism they proved in heroic struggles, and in the quiet of home developed a greater refinement of manners, to which the special honour in which they held the female sex bears marked testimony."-E. Curtius, History of Greece, v. 1, bk. 1, ch. 3.

LYCURGUS, Greek legislator. Reputed founder of Sparta's constitution. See SPARTA: Constitution; GREECE: B. C. 8th-5th centuries: Growth of Sparta.

LYDGATE, John (c. 1370-c. 1451), English poet. See ENGLISH LITERATURE: 14th century.

LYDIANS.-"On the western coast of Asia Minor the nation of the Lydians, which possessed the vallies of the Hermus and Mæander, had early arrived at a monarchy and a point of civilization far in advance of the stages of primitive life. . . . When the Greeks forced the Phenicians from the islands of the Egean sea, and then, about the end of the eleventh and beginning of the tenth century, B. C., landed on the western coast of Asia Minor, the Lydians were not able any more than the Teucrians and Mysians in the North, or the Carians in the South, to prevent the establishment of the Greeks on their coasts, the loss of the ancient native sanctuaries at Smyrna, Colophon, Ephesus, and the founding of Greek cities in their land on the mouths of the Lydian rivers, the Hermus and the Cayster, though the Greek emigrants came in isolated expeditions over the sea. It was on the Lydian coasts that the most important Greek cities rose: Cyme, Phocæa, Smyrna, Colophon, Ephesus. Priene, Myus, and Miletus were on the land of the Carians."-M. Duncker, History of antiquity, bk. 4, ch. 17.-"On the basis of a population related to the Phrygians and Armenians arose the nation of the Lydians, which through its original ancestor, Lud, would appear in Eastern tradition also to be reckoned as a member of the Semitic family. As long as we remain unacquainted with the spoken and written language of the Lydians, it will be

LYCIAN LEAGUE.-"Probably the best constructed Federal Government that the ancient world beheld. The account given by Strabo, our sole authority, is . . . full, clear, and brief. The 'ancestral constitution of the Lykian League' is described by the great geographer in these words: 'There are three and twenty cities which have a share in the suffrage, and they come together from each city in the common Federal Assembly, choosing for their place of meeting any city which they think best. And, among the cities, the greatest are possessed of three votes apiece, the middle ones of two, and the rest of one; and in the same proportion they pay taxes, and take their share of other public burthens. . . . And, in the Federal Assembly, first the Lykiarch is chosen and then the other Magistrates of the League, and bodies of Federal Judges are appointed; and formerly they used to consult about war, and peace, and alliance; this

impossible to define with any accuracy the mixture of peoples which here took place. But, speaking generally, there is no doubt of the double relationship of this people, and of its consequent important place in civilization among the groups of the nations of Asia Minor. The Lydians became on land, as the Phoenicians by sea, the mediators between Hellas and Anterior Asia. . . . The Lydians are the first among the nations of Asia Minor of whom we have any intimate knowledge as a political community."-E. Curtius, History of Greece, v. 1, bk. 1, ch. 3.-The first, perhaps legendary, dynasty of Lydia, called the Atyadæ, was followed by one called the Herakleidæ by the Greeks, which is said to have ruled over 500 years. The last king of that family, Kandaules, was murdered, about 715 B. C., by Gyges, who founded the dynasty of the Mermnadæ, under whom the Lydian dominion was extended over most of Asia Minor, and its kings contended on fairly equal terms with the power of the Medes. But their monarchy was overthrown by Cyrus, 546 B. C., and the famous Croesus, last of their line, ended his days as an attendant and counselor of the Persian king. -G. Grote, History of Greece, pt. 2, ch. 17, 32.— Recent discoveries tend to the conclusion that the primitive inhabitants of Lydia were of a race to which the Hittites belonged.-A. H. Sayce, ed., Ancient empires of the East, app. 4.-See also ASIA MINOR: B. C. 724-539; PERSIA: B. C. 549-521; MONEY AND BANKING: Ancient: Coinage in its beginnings.

LYELL, Sir Charles (1797-1875), British geologist. See EVOLUTION: Darwin's theory; Historical development of the idea.

LYGIANS.-"Of all the invaders of Gaul [in the reign of Probus, 277]. the most formidable were the Lygians, a distant people who reigned over a wide domain on the frontiers of Poland and Silesia.

In the Lygian nation the Arii held the first rank by their numbers and fierceness. 'The Arii' (it is thus that they are described by the energy of Tacitus) 'study to improve by art and circumstances the innate terrors of their barbarism. Their shields are black, their bodies are painted black. They choose for the combat the darkest hour of the night.' . . . Yet the arms and discipline of the Romans easily discomfited these horrid phantoms. The Lygii were defeated in a general engagement, and Semno, the most renowned of their chiefs, fell alive into the hands of Probus. That prudent emperor, unwilling to reduce a brave people to despair, granted them an honourable capitulation and permitted them to return in safety to their native country. But the losses which they suffered in the march, the battle, and the retreat, broke the power of the nation; nor is the Lygian name ever repeated in the history either of Germany or of the empire."-E. Gibbon, History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, ch. 12.— "Lygii appears to have been the generic name of the Slavonians on the Vistula. They are the same people as those called Lekhs by Nestor, the Russian chronicler of the twelfth century. These Lekhs are the ancestors of the Poles. See Latham, The Germany of Tacitus, p. 158."-W. Smith, Note to above.-"The Ligii were a widely-spread tribe, comprehending several clans. Tacitus names the Harii [or Arii], Helvecones, Manimi, Elisii, and Nahanarvali. Their territory was between the Oder and Vistula, and would include the greater part of Poland, and probably a portion of Silesia.”— Church and Brodribb, Geographical notes to the Germany of Tacitus.-"The Elysii are supposed to have given name to Silesia."-Note to the Oxford translation of Tacitus: Germany, ch. 43.—See also GAUL: 277.

LYKIANS. See LYCIANS.