and Mr Newman's scholar, elected every fifth or sixth year. The scholars are elected, according to merit, in the second and third year of residence, by the Master and Seniors out of the most deserving candidates, after a general examination in classics and mathematics, which takes place in the Easter-week. Scholarships are tenable till M.A. but are vacated by marriage, election to a fellowship, or by failure at the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts.

year of James I. the governors of the school had interest enough to obtain Letters Patent from the crown, enjoining the College to elect the Westminster scholars to fellowships every year, in preference to all other candidates (provided they were not exceptionable in learning or morals), and to make sure of their success, decreed that they should continue eligible two years after the degree of M.A.; whereas others are superannuated at that standing. It is obvious that the effect of such an ord:nance would have been shortly to throw all the fellowships, and all the preferment of the College, into the hands of Westminster men; and to destroy the objects of this liberal establishment, by making it ever afterwards an appendage to another seminary of later foundation.

At that period it was neither usual nor safe to contest the validity of royal commands: nevertheless, the Master and Fellows did resist a mandate, which could not have been received without the violation of their duty, and the subversion of the Statutes which they were sworn to maintain. After some angry discussion between the college and the school, a composition was entered into, under the mediation of Archbishop Bancroft; by which it was settled that three scholars should be taken from Westminster every year, and that they should never be prejudiced by preelections; and, on the other hand, that the king's Letters Patent should never be urged upon the College. By a subsequent letter of James I. which was accepted by the College, the above agreement is enforced, and the Westminster-elect have the privilege of seniority over the other scholars of their year. This arrangement appears to have continued for more than a century, without dispute or complaint: the connexion was mutually beneficial to the two institutions; and many of the most distinguished of the fellows were those chosen from the Westminster scholars elect.' Bishop Atterbury, being dean, (1727), had lately found out the old Letters Patent of James I. and attempted to establish their validity, but without success, as these Letters Patent had never been received by the College. The lawyers also who were consulted, gave their opinion, that the establishment of the point of the dean and chapter in favour of the scholars was impracticable.

The College, in its reply to Lord Palmerston's letter, (1852) has expressed its desire to increase the number of open scholarships, by removing all restrictions on the selection of scholars. For this purpose the College has expressed its willingness to concert measures with the authorities of Westminster School for receiving from them every year three such exhibitioners, and to pay each of them £40 a year from the time of their commencing residence to that of taking the B.A. degree; and that these exhibitioners shall be equally eligible with other candidates to the open scholarships.

"The pecuniary advantages of a scholar are: Dining in hall free of expence (say for 30 weeks) Three shillings per week during residence, ditto Liberatura et stipendium

24 0 0

Residence money (which is more than the annual rent of a scholar's room)

£46 16 8

If a scholar resides more than 30 weeks in the year, he has for each additional week advantages equivalent to about 14s. 4d. more. All the scholarships have equal rights and privileges, except that the pecuniary value of Mr Newman's is confined to the net rent of the estates which form its endowment."

Both sizars and sub-sizars are recognized in the Statutes of the College. Queen Mary gave maintenance for 13 poor scholars (sizars), which number at the time the Statutes were given had been increased to 16, the number at the present time. The sizarships, like the scholarships, are perfectly open and unrestricted. The number of sub-sizars is not limited, but the society is desirous of admitting only such as are poor scholars in the true sense of the term, and likely to become useful and distinguished members of society.

"The pecuniary advantages of a foundation sizar are:

£. S. d. 17 0 0

410 O

Dining in hall free of expence (say for 30 weeks)
Three shillings per week during residence, ditto
And 4d. per week for the whole year .
Residence money, (£6. which is more than the usual
rent of his rooms)

0 17 4

18 0 0

068

8 10 0

£49 4 0

If a sizar reside more than 30 weeks in the year, he has, for each additional week, advantages equivalent to about 14s. 4?. more. A sizar receives also from his tutor an allowance, arising from the payments of two guineas a quarter from noblemen and one guinea from fellow-commoners, which usually amount to from £3. to £10. a year."

The sub-sizars are not on the foundation, and receive no pecuniary advantages from the College: they succeed to the place of foundation sizars, as vacancies occur, in order of merit as they stand in the first three classes at the College examination. In case all the vacancies caused in January at the B.A. commencement, cannot be filled up from sub-sizars of the first three classes at the preceding College examinations, there is a special examination of all the sub-sizars, and the best in order of merit after this examination, are elected to be foundation sizars to fill up the vacancies.

The Master and Fellows have formally determined (1854) to give additional advantages to diligent and clever sizars and sub-sizars, by assigning pecuniary rewards to such of them as pass with credit the annual College examinations, at the close of the academic year; namely, to each of those who are placed in the first class, £25; in the second class, £15; in the third class £10. And when any of them are elected scholars, and are subsequently placed in the three specified classes, the same rewards will be given to them as if they were still sizars or sub-sizars.

Several of the smaller benefactions and exhibitions in the year 1791 were consolidated, amounting to £136, and are, with the other exhibitions, divided among the resident sizars.

The payments and fees made by sizars and sub-sizars, both to the University and to the College, are smaller than those made by pensioners by a considerable amount, in the course of their period of undergraduateship.

R

Under the auspices of the mastership of Dr Postlethwaite, the annual examinations of the students of the College were established. At first the examinations were instituted for undergraduates. of the first two years. A plan for a similar examination for students of the third year was adopted by the master and seniors in 1818, at the instance of Mr Monk (now Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol), who at that time filled the office of head lecturer.

In reference to the results of these examinations, Bishop Monk in his life of Dr Bentley makes the following remarks:"The wonderful effects of these institutions in exciting industry and emulation among the young men, and exalting the character of the College, are such as must have even surpassed the

hopes of their promoters. It was not till this system came into full operation, that Trinity College could be said to have resumed the station which it originally held among the establishments of this kingdom. Since that period its history is comprised in the record of academical rewards adjudged to its students, and of the distinctions which they have subsequently obtained in the different professions, in the paths of learning and science, and in the great theatre of public life."

The general examination of all the students of the first, second and third year, takes place immediately after the division of the Easter term: there is also an examination of the students of the second year at the end of the Michaelmas term, which was instituted in 1843 by Dr Whewell, the present master, and the seniors. Those who obtain a place in the first class at each of these examinations, receive a prize of books, which is publicly bestowed in the college-hall on the day of the commemoration of the benefactors of the College.

The amount annually distributed in prizes and rewards for the encouragement of learning is £293.

An annual prize has been instituted by the College, for the best English Essay by a senior soph, on a given literary, moral, or antiquarian subject.

Three prizes are yearly given by the College for the best compositions in Latin verse, in Lyrical, Heroic, and Elegiac metres: one subject is proposed at the beginning of each term, and a prize is awarded to the author of the best exercise on each subject. An additional prize is awarded if there be a second exercise of especial merit in any of the subjects.

Two prizes of books, one of the value of £4 and another of £2, are awarded every year at the discretion of the senior dean to two scholars, the best readers of the lessons in chapel.

The Ecclesiastical Patronage of the College consists of the right of presentation to fifty-two Church-livings: the scholastic, of the appointment of the masters to four grammar-schools.

The gross revenue of the College, as reported to the Commissioners in 1851, was £34,521. 19s. 10d.

EMMANUEL COLLEGE.

FOUNDED 1584, A.D.

Αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν.

THE Right Honourable Sir Walter Mildmay, Knight, chancellor of the exchequer, and privy councillor to Queen Elizabeth, out of his pious care for the advancement of literature, and for the maintenance of the true Protestant religion against Popery, and all other heresies whatsoever, founded this College* to be a nursery of divines, and endowed it with a considerable annual revenue.

The College is founded on the site of an old monastery of Dominican, or preaching friarst, which was endowed by the Lady Alice, Countess of Oxford, in 1250, and certified to stand on eight acres, the exact space which the College now covers. On the suppression of monasteries by King Henry VIII., the buildings passed into private hands, and were afterwards purchased by Sir Walter Mildmay, who having obtained a charter of incorporation from Queen Elizabeth, founded Emmanuel College in this place, to the glory of God, a. D. 1584, and placed in it at first one Master, three Fellows, and four Scholars, besides inferior officers.

Walter Mildmay was formerly a serious student of Christ's College, where he founded a Hebrew lectureship. He was under Laurence Chaderton, then tutor and fellow; and a strong

*It was customary with the Puritans about 1584, when the College was founded, to begin their familiar letters with the word "Emmanuel”—“ God with us:" and this was the case with many known to be intimate with the founder. Some of them begin-" Our Father which art," &c. Many are directed to "Our Father in God"-but by far the greater number have "Emmanuel." It was their watch-word. The founder therefore intending his College for a nursery of the prin ciples of the Reformation, was led to give it this name.

There are extant Letters Patent dated the third year of Edward IV. which contain a grant from His Majesty's exchequer of 25 marks yearly to the Prior and Convent of the Frere Prechours in the University of Cambridge. This coming to the knowledge of Sir Walter Mildmay, emboldened him to sue for the renewal of it from Queen Elizabeth in favour of his new College, in which he succeeded. The payment of £16. 13s. 4d. is continued to the present time from the Exchequer, and an acquittal is signed on its receipt by the bursar of the College, as the representative of the late brotherhood of preaching friars.