IMPORTED SPECIMENS: Records in the literature for EGYPT (Guerin Meneville 1829 1843), one of the type localities of synon ymous Ixodes elegans) should be discounted. Although A. variega tum frequently arrives at the Cairo abattoir on cattle from the Sudan and from other areas of East Africa, the species has never become established here (Hoogstraal 1952A). Extremely few fe males are found by the time cattle reach Cairo.

A. variegatum has become established and is a serious problem in the WEST INDIES (St. Kitts, Guadeloupe, Antigua). As early as 1895, Barber wrote an account, both pleasant and critical, of the ravages of "the gold tick", A. variegatum (= Hyalomma venustum) in Antigua. See also: Neumann (1899,1911), Ticks in the West Indies (1914), Ford (1919), Saunders (1914A,B,1915,1919), Senevet (1938), and Mauze and Montigny (1954). It appears that A. varie gatum has been found in GUATEMALA (Neumann 1899,1911), but there have been no subsequent reports of its presence there. There has been some question about West Indies records among American work ers who have not visited these islands. Numerous specimens from West Indies may be seen in British Museum (Natural History) col lections.

Three males are stated to have been found on a dog in south western FRANCE (Lamontellerie 1954).

MISCELLANEOUS: The distributional map of Tendeiro (1947) which includes Egypt and Sinai and omits the Sudan and parts of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and the Somalilands, should be modified.

TUNIS has been listed as a collecting locality based on specimens labelled from a hedgehog on Djerba Island collected by A. Weiss (Galli Valerio 1911A). Colas-Belcour and Rageau (1951), with ample reason, consider this record doubtful. It may be based on misidentification of an immature Hyalomma sp.

HOSTS

Where it occurs, A. variegatum is often the most common tick on cattle. Its incidence on other domestic animals varies locally but is usually less than on cattle. Among wild animals, the buffalo and numerous kinds of antelopes are important hosts. Other

wild animals are either rather seldom infested by adults or those
that more frequently harbor them, such as the rhinoceros, general
ly are not numerous in nature. Carnivores are only exceptionally
attacked. Man is rarely utilized as a host by adults, though
nymphs attach more frequently and larvae are sometimes serious
pests. Our knowledge of the host preference of immature stages
is fragmentary. Nymphs feed on moderate size to large animals
including all domestic animals and larvae attack mostly birds
and small mammals from the size of hæres to goats.

Adult Hosts

Domestic animals: Cattle (Practically every reference in the DISTRIBUTION section above pertains to parasitism of cattle by A. variegatum and these need not be repeated here. Selected references to parasitism of other domestic animals are presented below inasmuch as many phases of these relationships are much less obs cure than those with cattle). Camels (Robinson 1926*. Hoogstraal, ms.). Sheep (Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927, Daubney 1930A, Daubney and Hudson 1931A,B,1934, Lewis 19310,1932B,1934, Tendeiro 1948, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Goats (Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927, Lewis 1934, Beaton 1939**, Tendeiro 1948, Sudan records above). Horses (Simpson 1911, Robinson 1926, Schwetz 1927B,

*Hosts listed by Robinson (1926) are based chiefly on the extensive data in the Nuttall collection now in British Museum (Natural History), where it is available to those who would make a further study of hostrelationships.

**Though pinpoint blemishes in the tanned skins of goats are attributed by the (Nigerian) trader to the bites of ticks, this animal has been found to remain uncommonly free of ticks, particularly in the dry season. In the rains, when all domestic animals become grossly infested if not hand dressed, the goat is usually only parasitized by ....... A. variegatum and then to any extent only in the hollow of the heels, the clefts of the hoof, and in the perineum. These exceedingly tenacious parasites set up a local inflammation with pus formation due to infection of the wound by organisms of necrosis, particularly in the feet. Severe lameness may be caused, and virus diseases, e.g., heartwater may be transmitted. (Beaton 1939).

Buck 1935,1948A,C, Gillard 1949, Rageau 1951, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Donkeys (Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1948, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above). Dogs (Simpson 1912B, Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1948, Sudan records above. BMNH collections contain four adults from a dog from Senegal). Cat (Robinson 1926). Pigs (Schwetz 1927A, Lloverol, Philippe and Adjovi 1942, Rousselot 1951, Sudan records above).

Man: In Madagascar and French West Africa (Joyeux 1915).

Antelopes: Reedbuck (Robinson 1926*, Weber 1948, Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B). Bushbuck (Robinson 1926). South African bush buck (Santos Dias 1953B). Steinbuck (Lewis 1932A). Waterbucks, various (Robinson 1926, Tendeiro 1952C, Santos Dias 1953B). Roan antelope, various (King 1926, Lewis 1934, Sudan records above). Sable antelope (Robinson 1926, Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B). Hartebeest, various (Simpson 1914, Robinson 1926, Lewis 1934, Sudan records above). Kongoni (Robinson 1926). Tiang (Sudan records above). Eland, various (Robinson 1926, Bequaert 1930B,1931, Lewis 1934, Weber 1948, Wilson 1950C, Sudan records above). Nyala (Santos Dias 1953B). Duiker (Loveridge 1936A, Wilson 1950B, Sudan records above). Grant's gazelle (Lewis 1934). Bright's gazelle, Smith's long-snouted dikdik, and Roosevelt's duikerbok (Sudan records above). Oribi, various (Wilson 1950B, Santos Dias 1953B, Matthysse 1954, Sudan records above).

Other mammals: Giraffe (common on many Bahr El Ghazal giraffes examined, records above). Zebra (Neumann 1911, Robinson 1926*, Lewis 1932A,1934, Weber 1948, Matthysse 1954). Black, or narrow-lipped rhinoceros (Karsch 1878, Neumann 1911, Robinson 1926, Lewis 1932A, Wilson 1951C). White, or square-lipped rhinoceros (Tonelli-Rondelli 1930A). Elephant (Robinson 1926). Buffalo (King 1926, Robinson 1926, Richardson 1930, Bequaert 1930B, 1931, Fiasson 1943B, Wilson 1950C, Rageau 1951, Santos Dias 1953B, Sudan records above). Warthog (Massey 1908, Robinson 1926, Santos Dias 1953B, Sudan records above). Bushpig (Tonelli-Rondelli 1930A, Matthysse 1954, Sudan records above). Ant bear (Lewis 1932A). Leopard (captive) and hares (Tendeiro 1947,1952C). Cheetah (Lewis 1934). Lion (Theiler, unpublished).

*Hosts listed by Robinson (1926) are based chiefly on the extensive data in the Nuttall collection now in British Museum. (Natural History), where it is available to those who would make a further study of host-relationships.

Birds: Spurwing geese (tick identification questionable:

Bedford 1932B). Gray hornbill (Lophoceros n. nasutus) and ground hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus), domestic and wild chickens, spurfowl, guineafowl (Tendeiro 1947,1948,1952C).

Snake: Bitis arietans (Neumann 1911).

Snail: A curious case, said to be parasitism by A. variegatum on a snail, Limicolaria adansoni Pfr., in Senegal, has been reported by Neumann (1911) and by Andre and Lamy (1931). This record bears further investigation.

Nymphal Hosts

Nymphs feed on a great variety of mammals of medium and large size, including occasionally man. Birds are frequently parasitized but reptiles are rarely attacked.

Man: In French West Africa, nymphs do not attack man so frequently as do larvae (Joyeux 1915). In the Sudan a single nymph was taken feeding on man in Equatoria and several in Bahr El Ghazal Province.

Domestic animals: Nymphs are common on domestic stock in Kenya (Lewis 1934). Survey of our Equatoria and Bahr El Ghazal Province records above shows a small number of nymphs on cattle and often many on goats, especially during the dry season. Few were found on other domestic animals, pigs, horses, dogs, and sheep. Sudan Government collections contain nymphs from cattle, sheep, goats, dogs, pigs, donkeys, and horses. Tendeiro (1948) listed cattle and goats as nymphal hosts. Among a collection from Madagascar, Zumpt (1950B) found nymphs from cattle and dogs. Theiler (correspondence) has specimens from elsewhere in Africa from the same animals as well as from camels and domestic cats. Poultry has been listed as a nymphal host by Wilson (1950B), Tendeiro (1948), Hoogstraal (1953E), and we found this stage on chickens and turkeys in the Sudan (records above). Daubney and Hudson (1931A,B,1934) referred to the comparative rarity of im mature stages on sheep in Kenya. Fiasson (1943B) noted immature specimens on sheep at Libreville.

Wild mammals: Insectivores: Hedgehog (Wilson 1950B, Sudan record above). Madagascar tenrec (Hoogstraal 1953E). Carnivores: Jackal (Neumann 1902B, Lewis 1934, Matthysse 1954, Sudan records above). Cheetah (Wilson 1950B). Long-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis (Lewis 1934). Spotted hyena and mongoose (Sudan records above). Lagomorphs: Hares (Wilson 1950B, Matthysse 1954, Sudan record above). Rodents: Cane rat (Wilson 1950B, Bahr El Ghazal record above). Ground squirrel (Sudan record above). Antelopes: Harte beest, Thomson's gazelle, klipspringer (Lewis 1934). Western defassa waterbuck (Tendeiro 1947). Waterbuck in Uganda and INforest antelope" from Rio Muni (HH collection). Oribi (Hoogstraal 1954C, Sudan record above). Sudan records are from Bright's gazelle, Roosevelt's duikerbok, Smith's long-snouted dikdik, oribi, common eland, Roosevelt's hartebeest, tiang, and buffalo. Nymphs are especially numerous on tiang in Bahr El Ghazal Province during the dry season. In Northern Rhodesia, Matthysse (1954) found all stages on zebras.

Wild birds: Coucals, various (Theiler, unpublished. Hoogstraal 1953E). Ground hornbill, Bucorvus abyssinicus (Warburton 1927). Raven (Hoogstraal 1954C). Spurfowl (Pternistis sp. or Francolinus sp.) (Lewis 1934, various Sudan records above). Long-legged bus tard and hooded vulture (Theiler, unpublished). Guinea fowl (Lewis 1934 and Sudan records above). Abdim's stork, lesser bus tards, tchagra shrike (Sudan records above). An undetermined passerine bird (arveola) (Tendeiro 1952C). For domestic birds, see Domestic animals above.

Reptiles: Chameleon in Madagascar (Hoogstraal 1953E).

Larval Hosts

Man has been listed as a larval host by Wilson (1950B). Larvae commonly attack man at the beginning of the dry season in Upper Guinea, French West Africa (Joyeux 1915). In Cameroons they are serious pests of man (Rageau 1953B) and attach on the legs and about the belt. Ziemann's (1912B) mention of being badly bitten by tick larvae in the Cameroons may refer to this species. According to De Meza (1918A), in Nyasaland larvae are serious pests of people working about cattle. Larvae just visible to the eye burrow under the skin of human legs and cause severe irritation that may be associated with rash and pus if the ticks are numerous.