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BOOPHILUS DECOLORATUS (Koch, 1844).

(Figures 108 to 111, and 116)

THE BLUE TICK

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EQUATORIA PROVINCE RECORDS

Tereteina Alcelaphus buselaphus roosevelti Feb
Torit Alcelaphus buselaphus roosevelti Dec (2)

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Feb (SVS)

Jul

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Dec (2)

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domestic cattle

Dec (2)

Juba

domestic cattle

Dec

Tombe

domestic cattle

Mar (SVS)

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Yambio

domestic cattle

Jan

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Equatoria, Bahr el Ghazal, Upper Nile, Kordofan and Blue Nile Province; specimens also taken from cattle arriving at the Halfa

Quarantine in Northern Province, but it is by no means certain that the species is established there (King 1926).

Specimens have been seen from the following localities, except Blue Nile Province, all from domestic cattle unless otherwise noted:

Upper Nile: Fangak and Ler (SVS). Maban (domestic pigs; SVS). Bor, Pariak, Malakal (SVS, HH). Akobo and Taufikia (SGC). Daga Kigille Road (Tora hartebeest; SGC).

Blue Nile: Fung District (Singa headquarters) (= Funo) (King 1926).

Bahr El Ghazal: Wau (domestic donkeys, horses and cattle; SVS, HH). Busseri (domestic horse; SVS). Fanjak (domestic dogs and cattle; SVS, HH). Galual Nyang Forest (hartebeest and sick domestic donkeys; SVS; tiang; HH). Sixty miles north of Aweil (domestic goat; SVS). Khor Shammam, Boro, near Raga, Lau, Karu, Akot, Yirol, and Peth (SVS).

Kordofan:

collection).

Khartoum:

Talodi (SVS).
Talodi (SVS). El Obeid (SVS and Gordon College

Khartoum (horse; Gordon College collection). Khartoum Quarantine Station (on Darfur cattle; HH).

Darfur: Radom, Nyala, Sibdo, and Zalingei (domestic horses and cattle; SVS). Near Safaha (domestic sheep; SVS).

Kassala: Kassala and Port Sudan (SVS). Only four female specimens are known from this Province.

Northern: Quarantine Station specimens from southern cattle; SGC

Since it appears that B. decoloratus is not established in Northern Province and is very rare in Kassala Province, Sudan evidence corroborates earlier expressed beliefs that 15°N. is about the northern limit of this species. The most northern Sudan locality in which B. decoloratus commonly occurs is El Obeid, at 13°11'N. In Kassala Province, the blue tick is rare and is found, in association with either local humid coastal

situations or with cattle movements, as far north as Port Sudan, which is at almost 20°N. latitude. Small populations also exist in more humid riverside garden areas in and around Khartoum.

DISTRIBUTION

The blue tick is distributed throughout most of the Ethiopian Faunal Region, barring the northern and southern periphery of this region on continental Africa. Within its range, B. decoloratus occurs widely everywhere except in more open, dry areas, and in tropical forests. It is usually common where a fair degree of shade and humidity is present. Outlying specimens have been reported from other continents but whether these are from imported hosts or from established populations is not clear.

NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN: CAPE VERDE ISLANDS (Howard 1908. Bacelar 1950).

WEST AFRICA: NIGERIA (Simpson 1912B. Unsworth 1949,1952. Mettam 1951. Gambles 1951). GOLD COAST (Simpson 1914. Beal 1920. Stewart 1933,1934. Minning 1934). FRENCH WEST AFRICA (Minning 1934. Rousselot 1951,1953B. Villiers 1955). LIBERIA (Minning 1934). PORTUGESE GUINEA (Monteiro da Costa 1926. Tendeiro 1946A, B,1948,19510,1952A,C,D,E,1953,1954. Bacelar 1950). SIERRA LEONE (Hoogstraal 1954C).

CENTRAL AFRICA: CAMEROONS (Ziemann 1912A. Minning 1934. Rageau 1951,1953A,B. Rousselot 1951,1953B. Unsworth 1952. Dezest 1953). FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA (Minning 1934. Fiasson 1943B. Rousselot 1951,1953A,B).

BELGIAN CONGO and RUANDA URUNDI (Newstead, Dutton and Todd 1907. As B. capensis: Massey 1908. Roubaud and Van Saceghem 1916. Nuttall and Warburton 1916. Seydel 1925. Schwetz 1927A,B,C,1932, 1933B,1934. Schouteden 1929. Bequaert 1930A,B,1931. Minning 1934. Van Slype and Bouvier 1936. Bouvier 1945. Fain 1949. Schoenaers 1951A,B. Rousselot 1951,1953B. Theiler and Robinson 1954. Santos Dias 1954D. Van Vaerenbergh 1954).

EAST AFRICA: SUDAN (Balfour 1911F incorrectly stated that B. decoloratus does not occur in the Sudan. King 1908,1911,1926. Hoogstraal 1954B,C).

ETHIOPIA (Minning 1934. Stella 1938A,1939A,B,1940. Roetti 1939). ERITREA (Franchini 1929D. Niro 1935. Stella 1938A,1939A, B,1940. Ferro-Luzzi 1948). FRENCH SOMALILAND (Hoogstraal 1953D). BRITISH SOMALILAND (Stella 1940). ITALIAN SOMALILAND (Niro 1935. Stella 1938A,1939A,B,1940).

KENYA (Neave 1912. Montgomery 1919. Montgomery 1919. Anderson 1924A,B. Lewis 1931A,B,C,1932B,1934,1939A,B,1943. Fotheringham and Lewis 1937. Mulligan 1938. "Kenya Vet. Serv." 1939A,1949,1952. Piercy 1948. Weber 1948. Binns 1951,1952. van Someren 1951. Wiley 1953. Hammond 1955). UGANDA (A. Theiler 1910A. Bruce et al 1911. Neave 1912. Richardson 1930. Mettam 1932,1933. Minning 1934. Mettam and Carmichael 1936. Wilson 1948B,C,1950). TANGANYIKA (Dönitz 1905. Neave 1912. Morstatt 1913. Knuth and du Toit 1921. Moreau 1933. Minning 1934. Cornell 1936. Lewis 1939A. Reichenow 1941B. J. B. Walker, unpublished; see HOSTS below).

SOUTHERN AFRICA: ANGOLA (Howard 1908. Manetti 1920. Santos Dias 1950. Sousa Dias 1950. Bacelar 1950. Theiler and Robinson 1954). MOZAMBIQUE (Howard 1908,1911. Nuttall 1911B. De Oliveira 1915. Present in Tete District only: Theiler 1943B,1949A. Dias 1947B,1950B,1952D,1953A,B,1954H. Bacelar 1950).

Santos

NORTHERN RHODESIA (Neave 1912. Chambers and Smith 1914. Le Roux 1937. Matthysse 1954. Theiler and Robinson 1954). SOUTHERN RHODESIA (Robertson 1902,1904A,B. Koch 1903. Dönitz 1905. Bevan 1912,1915,1919. Edmonds and Bevan 1914. Jack 1921,1928,1937, 1938, 1942. Lawrence 1935,1942). NYASALAND (Old 1909. Neave 1912. De Meza 1918A,B. Wilson 1943,1946,1950B).

Minning

SOUTHWEST AFRICA (Howard 1909. Tromsdorff 1913,1914. 1934. Schulz 1939. Theiler 1949A). SWAZILAND (Agricola 1946. Barnard 1949).

Theiler 1949A).

UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA (Koch 1844. Dixon and Spruell 1898. Lounsbury 1899,1900A,C,1904A,1905B. Neumann 1901,1911. A. Theiler and Stockman 1904. A. Theiler 1905A,C,1906,1909B,C,1910B,C,D,E, 19118,1912A,1921. Laveran and Vallee 1905. Warburton and Nuttall 1909. A. Theiler and Christy 1910. Dönitz 1910B. Moore 1912. Van Saceghem 1914. Bedford 1920,1924A,1926,1927,19298,1931B, 1932B,1934. Cowdry 19250,1926A,1927. Curson 1928, P. J. du Toit

and Viljoen 1929. P. J. du Toit 1931. Alexander 1931. Bedford
and Graf 1934,1935,1939. Pijper and Dau 1934. Cooley 1934.
Minning 1934. M.D. 1936. Pijper and Crocker 1938. Neitz and
du Toit 1938. J. H. S. Gear 1938. McIntyre 1939.
1942B,C,1947A,B,1948. Cluver 1944. Theiler 1949A:
biological survey. Meeser 1952. J. Gear 1954).

R. du Toit
important

On arsenic resistance and BHC control and resistance in South Africa: du Toit, Graf, and Bekker 1941. Bekker 1942,1944, 1945,1947,1953. Anxious" 1943. Bekker and Koch 1943. Dell 1943. Mullins 1944. Bagshawe-Smith 1944. Omer-Cooper and Whitnall 1945. Whitnall and Fenwick 1945A,B. Whitnall and Bradford 1945,1947A,B,1949. Bekker and Graf 1946. "Agricola 1946. Thorburn 1947,1952. Whitnall 1947. Cooper 1947,1953. Thorburn 1947. Whitnall, Bradford, McHardy, Whitehead, and Meerholz 1948, 1949A,B. Whitnall, Thorburn, Whitehead, McHardy, and Meerholz 1949. Bekker, Graf', Malan and Van der Merwe 1949. Daly 1950. Whitnall, McHardy, Whitehead, and Meerholz 1951. Kruger 1951. Fiedler 1952. Whitnall, Thorburn, McHardy, Whitehead, and Hitchcock 1953. Blomefield 1954. Busvine 1955.

Meerholz 1952.

Metcalf 1955.

Hitchcock 1953.

OUTLYING ISLANDS:

ZANZIBAR (Neave 1912. Aders 1917).

MALAGASY GROUP: From present evidence, B. decoloratus is not established in the Madagascan archipelago (Hoogstraal 1953E). Neumann (1901) listed Madagascar and Mauritius. Bück (1935) listed the former island, De Charmoy (1914,1915) and Moutia and Mamet (1947) the latter, and Gillard (1949) mentioned Reunion. Minning (1934) referred Neumann's material to B. microplus (= B. fallax). Bück (1948A,C) reports that P. decoloratus has never been found on Madagascar or on other islands in this group.

NOTE: Specimens of B. decoloratus from North Syria, West Kurdestan, and Buenos Aires (South America) have been noted (Minning 1934), but without mention of whether populations are maintaining themselves in any of these localities. The blue tick is sometimes found on cattle from the Sudan and East Africa at the Cairo abattoir. This species has never been found on native cattle in Egypt.

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