the legs are a deep liver-red. The female scutum is lightly punctate, largely pale in color with two submedian longitudinal black stripes and a pair of vertical black stripes near the posterior margin. The dorsal surface of the female posterior of the scutum is dull crimson with two large nearly circular, slightly elevated orange spots near the lateral margin. The apex and lateral margin of the palpi are dull crimson. The last tarsal segment and ventral surfaces of the legs are colored as in the male. This all but extinct beast should not be difficult to recognize.

Another species, D. niveus Neumann, 1897, parasitizes wild boars in Tunisia, Algeria, and Spanish Morocco (Senevet, Colas_ Belcour, and Gil Collado 1933), and various other animals in Eu rope and Asia.

It is difficult to determine what "D. reticulatus Neumann," listed by Stella (1938A,1939A,1940) from Ethiopia and by Niro (1935) from Somaliland, actually is. D. reticulatus, which does not appear to be a synonym of D. marginatus Sulz., 1776, as stated by Schulze (1933C), inhabits Europe and Asia. If its range does extend into the Ethiopian mountains, it would represent a unique ixodid distributional pattern, but conceivable on the basis of geographic distribution of other invertebrates.

Although it has not been our policy to discuss non Sudanese species, the above remarks and a few additional taxonomic notes are inserted inasmuch as no review of the genus Dermacentor in Africa is available. Extra-Sudan species have not been demons trated to be of medical importance and will not be included in subsequent volumes of this undertaking.

In various papers on Dermacentor, Schulze has divided the genus into several genera that show interrelationships within a closely circumscribed group and can, by contemporary concepts, be considered at most only as subgenera. These are of only slight interest in Africa, especially as the moot subject of subgenera will be further revised in future studies. D. circumguttatus was placed in the subgenus Puncticentor, which was subsequently syno nymized (Zumpt 1951) under the subgenus Amblyocentor, in which D. rhinocerinus had been placed. The usefulness of the latter cate gory is questionable in the absence of study of the entire genus. These same remarks are possibly pertinent to the subgenus Cosmiomma originally proposed as a full genus embracing only D. hippopotamensis.

Figures 120 and 121, o, dorsal and ventral views Figures 122 and 123, g, dorsal and ventral views

British Museum (Natural History) specimens, collected by Captain C. H. Stigand in the early 1900's, are the only ones extant from the Sudan (Hoogstraal 1954B,C). This is the most northern and eastern record for the occurrence of the rare West African elephant dermacentor. It is unlikely to be found else where in the Sudan other than on the west bank of Equatoria Province and possibly in Bahr El Ghazal Province.

DISTRIBUTION

D. c. circumguttatus, a Central and West African elephant parasite, extends into East Africa only so far as the western parts of Uganda and the Sudan. In Mozambique, a separate sub species is tentatively recognized on the basis of somewhat larger size and more irregular spotting.

WEST AFRICA: LIBERIA (Bequaert 1930A). SIERRA LEONE (Simp son 1913). IVORY COAST (Rousselot 1951,1953B).

CENTRAL AFRICA: CAMEROONS (Neumann 1901. Ziemann 1905. Rageau 1951,1953A,B). FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA (Neumann 1897. Tonelli Rondelli 1930A. Rousselot 1951,1953B. Rageau 1953B). BELGIAN CONGO (Neumann 1897. Nuttall and Warburton 1916. Schwetz 1927A,B,C. Schouteden 1929. Bequaert 1930A,B,1931. TonelliRondelli 1930A. Rodhain 1936. Fain 1949. Schoenaers 1951A. Theiler and Robinson 1954).

NOTE: According to Theiler (correspondence), the record for Ruanda Urundi by Santos Dias (1954D) is incorrect.

EAST AFRICA: SUDAN
SUDAN (Hoogstraal 1954B).

UGANDA (Neave 1912. Mettam 1932. Wilson 1948A,1950).

HOSTS

All authors report this species from elephants, Loxodonta africana subsp. Mettam (1932) also listed the "common duiker"

BIOLOGY

Unstudied. In Banningville territory of Belgian Congo "all sick elephants carry this tick and Amblyomma tholloni, sometimes in great numbers" (Fain 1949).

DISEASE RELATIONS

It has been suggested that either this species or Amblyomma tholloni may transmit piroplasmosis (Nuttallia loxodontis) of elephants in the Congo.

REMARKS

Schulze (1941) noted features of the tarsus and haller's organ of this tick.

Santos Dias (1952F) has separated Mozambique populations into another subspecies, D. circumguttatus cunha silvai. These specimens are larger than those from more northerly parts of Africa and exhibit more irregular pale scutal coloration in several smaller, more divided spots rather than in three large spots as in females of the typical subspecies and eight large regular spots as in males of the typical subspecies. These differences, however, appear to be similar to individual variants of D. rhinocerinus, reported by Bequaert (1930B), and larger sub sequent collections may indicate the necessity of dropping this subspecies.