I

INTRODUCTION..

Object and scope of this and related projects.

History of this project...

... 15

15

16

II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...

... 19

... 26

26

26

27

32

III LISTS OF TICKS REPORTED FROM THE SUDAN.....

Species and subspecies records by Province...

Family Argasidae...

Family Ixodidae...

Species attributed in error to the Sudan..

Previously reported names used in error, changed,

or synonymized.

Names herein changed, synonymized, or proposed..

Keys to families and genera of adults...

Keys to developmental stages..

... 34

36

39

42

IV

SPECIES RECORDS......

Manner of data presentation..

Equatoria Province records..

Distribution in the Sudan.

Distribution....

Hosts...

Biology ...

Disease relations...

Remarks...

Identification.

Family Argasidae.

Introduction..

Argas...

... 43

43

43

44

45

45

46

... 46

46

46

48

48

52

Page

...121

..127

Introduction...

52

Key to Sudan species of Argas.

55

Argas (Argas) persicus,

59

Argas (Argas) reflexus.

75

Argas (Ogadenus) brumpti.

82

Argas (Chiropterargas) boueti...

91

Argas (Chiropterargas) confusus.

98

Argas (Carios) vespertilionis.

.....104

Ornithodoros

.113

Introduction...

..113

Key to Sudan species of Ornithodoros..........118

Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata.

Equatoria Province records..

..12

Distribution in the Sudan.

..121

Distribution.......

122

Hosts...

Introduction....

...127

Human hosts...

....127

Domestic mammal hosts..

..127

Domestic fowl hosts.....

..128

Wild mammal hosts...

.129

Wild reptile hosts...........

132

Biology......

..132

Life cycle......

.132

Ecology..

.144

Environment and domestic habitats.. .144

Wild habitats...

.149

Predators and enemies.

.150

Remarks ....

.151

Environmental adaptability...

..151

Structure and function.

..159

Introduction....

..159

Internal anatomy.

..159

Feeding and digestive organs.

..161

Digestion...

.168

Rectal excretion.......

..171

Coxal organ morphology and function.....172

Spiracular morphology and function......174

Haller's organ....

......175

Abnormal development.

..175

Symbiotes.

..177

Page

Laboratory rearing methods..

..179

Artificial feeding.....

....179

Prevention and control.......

......179

Prevention....

.179

Chemical control.....

....181

Disinfection of personal effects........186

Burning......

.....186

Hand picking.

.186

Disease Relations ..

.187

Man (In nature).

.187

Fowls....

.187

Experimental disease relations..........188

Viruses and rickettsiae...

188

Bacteria......

188

Spirochetes of relapsing fever... .....189

Spirochetes other than relapsing fever..189

Filariae...

........189

Trypanosomes.

.189

Toxoplasmosis...........................189

Tropical ulcer..

.189

Identification.......

.189

Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) savignyi .......191

Family Ixodidae..

.200

Introduction...........

....200

Amblyomma.

.205

Introduction...

........205

Key to Sudan species of Amblyomma.

Amblyomma cohaerens

.211

Amblyomma lepidum.

.217

Amblyomma marmoreum (group)...

.225

Amblyomma nuttall.

234

Amblyomma pompos um.

242

Amblyomma rhinocerotis.

.249

Amblyomma tholloni..

.254

Amblyomma variegatum.

.260

Aponomma

........279

Introduction..

.279

Key to Sudan species of Aponomma

. 280

Aponomma exornatum.

282

Aponomma latum.

.288

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Page

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292

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298

..306

..319

.325

.325

Boophilus.

Introduction..

Key to genus..

Boophilus annulatus...

Boophilus decoloratus.

Notes on B. microplus*.

Dermacentor...

Introduction...

Key to Sudan species of Dermacentor.

Dermacentor c. circumguttatus

Dermacentor rhinocerinus.

Haemaphysalis..

Introduction...

Key to Sudan species of Haemaphysalis

Haemaphysalis aciculifer.

Haemaphysalis bequaerti..

Haemaphysalis hoodi hoodi

Haemaphysalis houyi.

Haemaphysalis leachii leachii

Haemaphysalis Ieachii muhsami

Haemaphysalis parmata..

Hyalomma.

Introduction...

Nomenclatorial background.

History....

Recent revisional and supporting studies..

Distribution in Africa....

Hosts and biology.

Disease relations...

Identification...

Key to Sudan species of Hyalomma.

Hyalomma detritum (including **H. scupense)

Hyalomma dromed arii.

Hyalomma excavatum.

Hyalomma impeltatum.

Hyalomma impressum.

Hyalomma marginatum.

Hyalomma rufipes.

Hyalomma truncatum.

.327

..329

..333

.337

.337

.339

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350

...355

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.363

..377

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1.436

...453

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.480

.492

* Non_Sudanese species.

**Non Sudanese "biological form of H. detritum.

4-

Page

....504

.504

.514

.518

NonSudanese species of Hyalomma.

Brief key to all presently recognized species.

Hyalomma aegyptium.

Hyalomma albiparmatum.

Hyalomma hussaini and remarks on the

subgenus Hyalommina.

Hyalomma schuizei.

Hyalomma turanicum.

Hyalomma ? species..

Ixodes.

Introduction..

Key to Sudan species of Ixodes.

Ixodes cavipalpus.

Ixodes nairobiensis.

Ixodes rasus?subspecies.

Ixodes schillingsi....

Ixodes simplex simplex.

Ixodes vespertilionis.

Margaropus.

Introduction..

Key to genus...

Margaropus reidi sp. nov...

Rhipicephalus.

Introduction...

Key to Sudan species of Rhipicephalus.

Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

Rhipicephalus arnoldi.

Rhipicephalus bequaerti..

Rhipicephalus compositus.

Rhipicephalus cuspidatus

Rhipicephalus 7distinctus.

Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi.

Rhipicephalus kochi.

Rhipicephalus longicoxatus..

Rhipicephalus longus.

Rhipicephalus muhlensi

Rhipicephalus pravus.

Rhipicephalus sanguineus sanguineus

Rhipicephalus simpsoni...

Rhipicephalus simus simus.

...520

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528

534

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546

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568

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655

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