HYALOMMA MARGINATUM Koch, 1844.

(Figures 178 to 181)

THE MEDITERRANEAN HYALOMMA

NOTE: H. marginatum appears in European literature chiefly as either H. marginatum or as H. savignyi and in recent Soviet literature as H. plumbeum plumbeum. The Adler-Feldman Muhs am (1948) school employed the name H. marginatum, the Delpy (1949) school H. savignyi (Gervais, 1844) following the lead of Schulze. The "H. savignyi of Adler and Feldman Muhsam (1948) and of some of their followers is H. excavatum. Recently Feldman Muhs am (1954) concluded, from study of the Koch (1844) type material, that H. marginatum is the correct name for this species although reasons for so doing are somewhat obscure.

Pomerantzev (1950) states that the name H. plumbeum plumbeum (Panzer, 1795) refers to the present species. This point merits further investigation. Feldman Muhsam apparently has not con sidered the possibility of this synonymy.

DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUDAN

H. marginatum thus far is known from only two localities in central Sudan, one in the west and one in the east. Further search will probably reveal additional populations between these two places.

Kordofan: Umm Inderaba (cattle; SVS).

Kassala: Kassala (camels; SVs).

DISTRIBUTION

H. marginatum appears to be most common in southeastern Europe and southern Russia from where it extends eastward into India and Indochina and westward throughout southern Europe, and into the

Near East including Arabia, and North Africa. Elsewhere in Africa, small populations are scattered through the drier transitional areas just south of the northern deserts from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.

Soviet workers in Transcaucasia consider this to be a "Mediterranean species" in contrast to the other hyalommas of their territory, which they classify as either "widely spread in the southern part of the Palearctic Region" or "peculiar to the zone of western deserts" (Pomerantzev, Matikashvily, and Lototsky 1940).

The mapped distribution of H. marginatum (= H. savignyi) as presented by the American Geographical Society (1954) does not correspond to the range of any recognized species in this genus.

NORTH AFRICA: "NORTH AFRICA" (As H. marginatum balcanicum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930).

EGYPT (As Cynorhaestes aegyptius: Virey 1822. As H. savignyi: Hoogstraal 1954A. Small populations exist on the Mediterranean littoral and in desert edge situations of Nile Valley and Delta; somewhat more common in Sinai: Hoogstraal, ms.).

LIBYA (Specimens from several localities in HH collection. As H. marginatum balcanicum: Stella 1938C).

TUNISIA (As H. tunesiacum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. As H. savignyi: Colas Belcour and Rageau 1951).

MOROCCO (As H. savignyi: Blanc, Martin, and Maurice 1946, 1947A,B. Blanc, Bruneau, Martin, and Maurice 1948. Blanc and Bruneau 1949. Blanc, Martin, and Bruneau 1949. Blanc 1951).

ALGERIA According to Delpy (correspondence), the H. aegyptium of Senevet and subsequent French workers in Algeria, Is H. marginatum (= Delpy's H. savignyi). The "H. aegyptium life cycle studies reported by Nuttall (1913) on material from Algeria refer to H. marginatum (HH determination of Nuttall lot 1305 in British Museum Natural History). Most of the references

listed for Algeria on page 405 also contain notes on H. marginatum (as H. aegyptium); this species is apparently less common there than H. detritum.

WEST AFRICA: NIGERIA (As H. marginatum annulipes: Schulze and Schlottke 1930).

Delpy (1949B) synonymized H. impressum brunneiparmatum Schulze and Schlottke, 1930 (from Togo) under H. marginatum (H. savignyi), but this is actually a synonym of H. albi parmatum (see page ). The "H. savignyi" of Tendeiro (1948, 1949A,1951F,1952A,C,D) from Portugese Guinea is shown by the same author's discussion (1949A) to be H. truncatum.7

EAST AFRICA: SUDAN (As H. savignyi: Hoogstraal 1954B).

H. marginatum balcanicum, a synonym of H. marginatum, has been reported from Ethiopia and Somalia by Italian workers; these records may be correct but it is more likely that they refer to H. impeltatum.7

KENYA (A single ♂ in BMNH from a cow, Kisima, Nanyuki, May, 1932, collected after dipping by E. A. Lewis. This specimen is entirely typical of H. marginatum; H.H. det.).

SOUTHERN AFRICA: Santos Dias (1950) noted that "H. savignyi had been reported from Angola by A. Morais in 1909, and that this probably refers to H. truncatum (= H. impressum transiens).7

NEAR EAST: PALESTINE (As H. marginatum: Bodenheimer 1937. Adler and Feldman Muhsam 1946,1948). SYRIA and LEBANON (As H. savignyi: Pigoury 1937). TRANSJORDAN (Hoogstraal, ms.). TURKEY (As H. marginatum balcanicum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. As H. anatolicum: Galuzo 1944. Galuzo 1944. As H. savignyi: Kurtpinar 1954 and Mimioglu 1954. As H. marginatum: Hoogstraal, ms.). CYPRUS As H. cypriacum: As H. cypriacum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. Kratz 1940. The "H. savignyi exsul" of Schulze and Schlottke, 1930, attributed by Delpy (1949B) to H. savignyi marginatum (= H. savignyi of Delpy) appears rather to be H. excavatum; cf. Kratz (1940, pp. 534-535) 7. IRAN (As H. savignyi: Delpy 1946B, 1949C). IRAQ (As H. marginatum: Hoogstraal, ms. Hubbard 1955).

ARABIA:

YEMEN (As H. marginatum: Hoogstraal, ms.).

EUROPE: SPAIN (As H. hispanum: Koch 1844. As H. savignyi iberum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. As H. iberum: Kratz 1940. H. marginatum hispanum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. Kratz 1940. As H. marginatum espanoli: Gil Collado 1936,1948A. As H. marginatum: Gil Collado 1948A. Perez Gallardo, Clavero, and Hernandez 1949,1952. As H. savignyi: As H. savignyi: Gil Collado 1948A. De Prada 1949. Parker, De Prada, Bell, and Lackman 1949. De Prada, Gil Collado, and Mingo Alsina 1951).

PORTUGAL: It appears likely that the "H. rufipes glabrata" of Fonesca, Pinto, Colaco, Oliveira, Branco, da Gama, Soares Franco, and Lacerda (1951) may refer to H. marginatum; cf. page J

FRANCE (As H. marginatum: Enigk 1947. As H. savignyi: Lamontellerie 1954. Specimens from Estrel Mts. In BMNH collection; H.H. det.).

Schulze

ITALY (As H. marginatum: Koch 1844. Tonelli_Rondelli 1938. Enigk 1947. Cavaceppi 1950. As H. marginatum marginatum: and Schlottke 1930).

ALBANIA (As H. marginatum: Enigk 1947).

YUGOSLAVIA (As H. marginatum: Enigk 1947.

Angelovsky 1954. Petrovitch 1955).

1940.

ROMANIA (As H. savignyi: Metianu 1951).

GREECE (As H. aegyptium f. brunnipes:

As H.
As H. savignyi:

Schulze 1919. Kratz

As H. marginatum balcanicum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930.

As H. marginatum: Enigk 1947. Pandazis 1947).

BULGARIA (It is possible that the "H. aegyptium" of Pavlov 1940,1942, etc., refers to H. marginatum. As H. marginatum: Enigk 1947. Pavlov and Georgiev 1950).

GERMANY (As H. marginatum marginatum: migrating birds according to Kratz 1940).

Arrives as nymphs on

"INSUL BRIONI" (As H. marginatum brionicum: H. marginatum brionicum: Schulze and Schlottke 1930. Totze 1933. Gossel 1935).

RUSSIA: NOTE: According to Delpy (1949B), Soviet authors have frequently confused H. excavatum (= H. anatolicum) under H. marginatum (= H. savignyi). Most Russian reports of "H. savignyi" appear to apply to H. excavatum (H.H.).

Most Soviet records for H. anatolicum subspp. since 1948 can be considered as applying to H. excavatum and most records for H. marginatum (and in 1950 for H. p. plumbeum) as referring to what is herein called H. marginatum. After an intensive study of all available Soviet literature on ticks and tick-borne diseases, it is concluded that Delpy's remarks in this respect apply chiefly if not entirely to reports by Galuzo (1941 and 1944) and by Galuzo, Bolditzina, and Kaitmazova (1944) on ticks of Kazakstan and control of piroplasmosis vectors in that area. Correspondence with Dr. Delpy concerning this matter has not elicited a reply. On biological grounds, it appears that Galuzo's "H. savignyi H. anatolicum applies to H. excavatum (= H. anatolicum of Soviet workers). It is possible that the use of the name H. savignyi by Zotova and Bolditzina (1943), who reported on work with H. marginatum and H. savignyi in relation to attempts to infect ticks with brucellosis in the laboratory, also applies to H. excavatum.

As H. marginatum: Olenev 1934. Pomerantzev 1934,1946. Pavlovsky and Pomerantzev 1934. Lototsky and Popov 1934. Galuzo 1935,1941. Galuzo and Bespalov 1935. Arginsky 1937. Bernadskaia 1939. Kurchatov 1939A,B,1940A,B,C,D,E,F,G,1941A,B,C. Pomerant zev, Matikashvily, and Lototsky 1940. Kurchatov and Sokolov 1940. Grobov 1946. Blagoveshchensky and Serdyukova 1946. Enigk 1947. Chumakov 1948A,B. Markov, Gildenblat, Kurchatov, and Petunin 1948. Piontkovskaia 1949. Gajdusek 1953,1956. Pritulin 1954.

As H. marginatum marginatum: Serdyukova 1941. Grobov 1946. Piontkovskaia 1947,1949. Pavlovsky 1948. Korshunova and Petrova Piontkovskaia 1949A. Pervomaisky 1949,1950. Gajdusek 1953. Tselishcheva 1953.

As both H. marginatum and H. savignyi: Zolotarev 1934. Galuzo 1935,1941,1944. Zotova and Bolditzina 1943. Galuzo, Bol ditzina and Kaitmazova 1944. See two paragraphs above.