the short, almost tailless, female_type spiracular plate of the male H. schulzei that is usually surrounded by numerous hairs. This type of spiracular plate is found in the male of no other species in the genus. An approach to this spiracular form occurs in "H. scupense"; see page 418.7 see page 418.7 In other characters, these two species are similar. Females of these two species are also superficially similar but the genital apron of H. schulzei is considerably different and the scutum (of available specimens) is slightly more elongate than that of H. dromedarii. The genital apron is subrectangular with slightly convex anterior and posterior margins and rounded junctures; this convexity is increased with extreme engorgement. In profile, the apron is flat when unengorged but after feeding it protrudes and is markedly depressed posteriorly. The female is illustrated herein in the APPENDIX (PLATE XIXC) inasmuch as distinguishing features were recognized only near the termination of the present study after other illustrations had been numbered. Delpy and Adler and Feldman Muhsam did not describe the female genital apron of the meagre amount of material available to them. The short, wide scutal outline with a bluntly rounded posterior margin, as illustrated, is similar in all available specimens and corresponds to that delineated by Pomerantzev (1950). Other workers however, have shown it as more elongate and with the posterior margin gradually converging to a fairly narrow point. Figures 204 and 205, d, dorsal and ventral views A, Q, genital area, unengorged. B to H, Q, genital apron, outline. B and C, unengorged. D and E, slightly engorged. F to H, moderately engorged. J, o, Leg III, dorsolateral view to show enamelling. HY ALOMMA TURANICUM Pomerantzev, 1946 (= H. RUFIPES GLABRUM Delpy, 1949) NEW NAME COMBINATION (Figures 204 to 207) THE ENAMEL LEGGED HYALOMMA H. turanicum, is considered by South African and French work ers as a subspecies of H. rufipes and by Russian workers as a sub species of H. marginatum (H. plumbeum of Pomerantzev). The specific entity of H. glabrum has been demonstrated in laboratory rearings by Theiler, who has kindly provided material for the present study and has provided a manuscript (Theiler 1956) on distribution and ecology in South Africa for use herein in ad vance of her own publication. H. turanicum ( H. glabrum) appears to have been introduced into the arid South African Karroo on Persian sheep. It is un known elsewhere in Africa. Persian sheep were originally intro duced into South Africa in 1872, having been purchased from a ship from the Mediterranean then anchored in Table Bay (Lounsbury 1904E). Subsequently others were imported from Aden. The exact locality from whence any of these importations originated does not appear definitely to be known. A number of flocks were scat tered about South Africa at the time (1904) Lounsbury reported their high degree of immunity to heartwater. H. rufipes glabrum was briefly described by Delpy (1949A) from material reared from females from Karroo sheep sent to him by Theiler. The source of this material has been identified in correspondence with Dr. Delpy and Dr. Theiler; it is not found in the literature. Subsequently, Delpy (19490,1952) indicated that H. rufipes glabrum is a poorly known, two host tick, that it also occurs in Iran, and that it is not of considerable im portance in the transmission of bovine theileriasis, Theileria annulata. This species occurs in southern Russia (Pomerantzev 1950; as H. plumbeum turanicum) and a single specimen has been col lected in Afghanistan (Anastos 1954; as H. rufipes glabrum). is H. marginatum turanicum Pomerantzev, 1946 [subsequently (1950) considered as a subspecies of H. plumbeum by the same author obviously the same tick as H. rufipes glabrum Delpy, 1949. It is necessary, therefore, to give the Soviet name priority. There is no biological reason or taxonomic utility for considering H. turanicum as a subspecies of any species. Theiler (1956) Continues to apply the name H. glabrum to South African populations of this species. Rousselot (1951) reported H. rufipes glabrum from French West Africa but omitted it from his 19533 work, apparently after having reconsidered the identification of pertinent material. Villiers (1955) also used this name for material from the same area. It is assumed that these data refer actually to H. rufipes. Fonesca, Pinto, Colaco, Oliveira, Branco, da Gama, Soares Franco, and Lacerda (1951) reported "H. rufipes glabrata" from Portugal, but Theiler, who has seen their material, states (correspondence) that it is an entirely different species, probably H. marginatum. According to Pomerantzev (1950) the biology of H. turanicum was reported in 1945 by Lototsky, pp. 69-130, but it has been impossible to secure further details for the present study. The distribution of this tick is stated to be southern Khazakstan, Middle Asia, and Iran. To this range, the South African Karroo and Afghanistan should be added. Where it occurs in the Soviet area, H. turanicum ranges through a number of altitudinal zones. It lives in tugai meadows, in semidesert, and in low areas of fields at the base of hills and on mountain slopes to the wooded belts. Adult hosts are "large and small horn bearing animals", especially cattle, and also horses. A single Afghanistan male was taken from a camel (Anastos 1954). Immature stages attack birds; these hosts are listed below and those most commonly infested are preceded by an asterisk. Alectoris kakelik kakelik (?= A. graeca falki), Chukar partridge Phasianus chrysomelas bianchii (= P. colchicus bianchii), Ringneck pheasant Columba livia neglecta, Rock dove Columba eversmanni, Eastern stock pigeon Coracias garrulus, Roller Merops persicus, Iranian beeater Upupa epops, Hoopoe Sturnus vulgaris dresseri, Starling Pastor roseus, Rosy starling Carduelis carduelis subcaniceps, Goldfinch Passer domesticus bactrianus, House sparrow *Passer montanus zaissanensis, Tree sparrow Miliaria calandra buturlini (= Emberiza c. buturlini), Corn bunting Emberiza stewarti, White capped bunting *Emberiza buchanani huttoni, Grey-necked bunting Emberiza icterica, Red headed bunting *Melanocorypha calandra, Calandra lark Calandrella acutirostris, Oriental short-toed lark *Alauda gulgula inconspicua, Oriental sky lark Anthus campestris griseus, Tawny pipit Sitta tephronota, Rock nuthatch Lanius minor, Lesser grey shrike Lanius collurio isabellinus, Red-backed shrike Phylloscopus nitidus viridanus, Greenish willow warbler Sylvia althaea, Hume's lesser whitethroat Saxicola torquata, Stone chat Oenanthe capistrata, White-headed chat Oenanthe opistoleuca, Strickland's chat Phoenicurus ochruras phoenicuroides, Black redstart Russian adults feed during the warm period of the year, com mencing late in March in the valleys and at the end of April or early in May in the mountains. Maximum infestations occur during the warm summer period. The duration of the life cycle, period of most active attack by larvae, and seasonal dynamics are not completely known. The overwintering period is seven months. Lototsky's experimental observations are as follows: The female |