other species, H. marginatum, H. rufipes, H. detritum, H. excavatum, and ticks of other genera are included in the same vials, the pre sent species may be considered as "H. anatolicum (sensu Schulze)". It is, however, far from certain that this is the same species that contemporary Soviet workers are labelling H. anatolicum. Feldman Muhsam (1954) states that the type specimen of H. anatolicum "seems to be lost". The true identity of this name, there fore, should be difficult to establish. She also considers H. anatolicum specimens in the Schulze collection as "within the range of variation of H. excavatum" a conclusion not corroborated by present rearing studies. Kratz (1940) also indicated that the type specimen of H. anatolicum was lost, and suggested that his mentor, Schulze, applied this name because of the frequency of this species in collections from Anatolia. It is obvious that the complicated problem of identity and of species and subspecies related to the present form will require a considerable amount of study before valid and firm conclusions can be drawn. Typical specimens of "H. anatolicum (sensu Schulze)" in the Schulze col lection are from Macedonia, Anatolia, Skyros and Thassos Islands (Greece), Egypt, and Rio de Oro. A male from Kabete, Kenya, is also included; this range is difficult to explain, except on the basis of accidental introduction, and bears further investigation. Hosts of typical specimens are cattle, horses, camels, sheep, and an antelope (Rio de Oro).

The presence of this species in the northwestern area of Africa appears well established by reason of representatives from Morocco and Canary Islands in British Museum (Natural History) collections, from Rio de Oro in the Schulze collection (Rocky Mountain Laboratory), and from Libya in the HH collection.

IDENTIFICATION

Male. The scutum measures from 4.28 mm. to 5.12 mm. in length and from 2.66 mm. to 3.52 mm. in width, thus being con siderably larger than H. excavatum (for measurements, see page 451). It is colored as in "species number 1" and slightly more punctate than either of the other two species; the caudal de pression is more rugose and more densely furnished with mixed, contiguous punctations than in H. excavatum but its characteris tic outline is the same in both species and pronounced elevated ridges border it. Lateral grooves are like those of H. excavatum, but may appear to be continued slightly more anteriorly due to the presence of several large punctations in line with them. The

spiracular plate is very slightly larger than that of H. excavatum but otherwise similar to it.

Spec

Female. The scutum measures from 2.09 mm. to 2.61 mm. in length and from 2.04 mm. to 2.42 mm. in width, thereby exceeding the size of that of the largest specimen of H. excavatum. imens of the present species measuring less than 2.23 mm. by 2.14 mm. are rare; 2.33 mm. by 2.23 mm. is a common ratio. The genital apron is like that of H. excavatum but the scutum is colored as in "species number I" and is slightly more punctate than that of the other two species.

HY ALOMMA MARGINATUM

OLENEV (1931B). USSR. As H. marginatum, H.

As H. marginatum, H. marginatum olenevi, and H. marginatum subsp.: descriptions and notes.

KURCHATOV & KALMIKOV (1934). USSR. As H. marginatum balcanicum: distribution records from 1932.

KURCHATOV (1935). USSR. H. marginatum, collecting records. KURCHATOV (1939B). USSR, Crimea. H. marginatum. Details of life cycle, seasonal incidence, and host preferences conform to those of other authors and of this author in other papers. Addi tional interesting facts are also provided. In laboratory rear_ ing, the length of the life cycle is in direct proportion to temperature range (7°C. to 37°C.) but the length of life (? of unfed ticks ? stage) is in inverse proportion to temperature. Temperatures of from 7°C. to 10°C. and 42°C. are unfavorable; the range from 22°C. to 27°C. is most favorable with relative humidity from 75 to 100%. Engorged nymphs tolerate any relative humidity from zero to 100% and temperature from 7°C. to 42°C.; in this respect they exceed other stages. Larvae and nymphs are most active in Crimean foothills during the summer-autumn period in the morning and evening (24°C. to 30°C., RH 50% to 75%). In temperatures over 30°C., most ticks hide in shady places and some burrow into the soil. At night temperatures below 21°C. or 22°C. and also with high relative humidity and strong winds almost no tick activity is noticed. The northern limits where this tick is common is from 46°C. to 49°C. northern latitude (annual iso therm 9°C.). Cattle are rarely infested in summer in open semideserts and deserts. Most heavily infested areas are lowlands and foothills of steppes, forested steppes, and low mountain forest zones. High mountain belts are rarely infested. The fact that immature stages attack migrating birds may account for finding this tick rarely in northern latitudes.

MARKOV, ABUSALIMOV, & DZASOKHOV (1939). USSR. As H. marginatum; epizootic piroplasmosis of swine; transmission not achieved.

KURCHATOV (1940G). USSR. H. marginatum; an extensive review of biological and ecological information; not yet translated. SERDYUKOVA (1941). USSR. As H. marginatum. See H. excavatum page 878. Also: Transovarial transmission of spirochetes does not occur, whether when attempted by injection of emulsified eggs or when F1 larvae or nymphs from infected females are allowed to feed on guineapigs.

DEMIDOV, STARUKHIN, & DMITRIEV (1944). USSR. H. marginatum infests stabled horses in North Caucasus during the winter and may infect them with Nuttallia equi at that time. ABRAMOV (1949). USSR. H. marginatum in relation to equine piroplasmosis (P. caballi).

ABRAMOV, TSAPRUN, & LEBEDEV (1950). USSR. Importance of H. marginatum as transmitter of equine piroplasmosis.

PERVOMAISKY (1950B). USSR. As H. p. plumbeum: females mated with males of H. anatolicum excavatum feed normally, become enlarged, and Tay normal quantity of eggs, which are in fertile. When male H. p. plumbeum fertilize female H. anatolicum excavatum, from 20% to 100% of the eggs are fertile; the majority of F1 females have maternal traits, the majority of the F1 males have combined maternal and paternal traits. When "extremely normal" F1 males and females were mated, the progeny consisted of 61 gynandromorphs in a batch of 435 individuals see also R. sangui neus, page 910, and Pervomaisky (1954).7

PERVOMAISKY (1954). USSR. As H. p. plumbeum: males vary from 3.2 mm. to 6.3 mm. in length and from 1.8 mm. to 3.6 mm. in width. Three types of scutal punctations are observed on individual specimens, (1) most common, numerous, even ly distributed minute among large, (2) common, numerous minute, (3) on small males, minute and large mixed. The middle festoon is narrow, the tail of the spiracular plate is wide, and the inner margin of the ad anal shield is slightly extended. The female size is quite variable and scutal punctation varies as among males, but diagnos tic characters are "relatively constant."

Figures 337 and 338, o, dorsal and ventral views.

A, Q, genital area. B to D, O, genital apron, outline and profile. B and C, unengorged. D, engorged.

PLATE XIXC

-889

SURBOVA (1955). Bulgaria. As H.

As H. p. plumbeum: distribution, biology, ecology, epidemiology. (Not translated).

SERDYUKOVA (1955). USSR. As H. plumbeum: larva illustrated and compared with those of other genera.

As H.

TARASEVICH (1955). USSR. fever (R. burnetii).

As H. p. plumbeum:

vector of Q

HYALOMMA RUFIPES

DAUBNEY (1944). Kenya. Morphology and biology under study.

HY ALOMMA TRUNCATUM

WALKER, J. B. (Correspondence). Kenya. Life cycle. At Muguga, when all stages were fed on the ears of rabbit, the life cycle was the two host type. Miss Walker believes that the type of host to which the larva attaches influences the number of hosts involved in the life cycle. The following data were obtained when nonfeeding stages were maintained at 25°C. to 27°C.

Disease relations: Experimentally, East Coast fever (Theileria parva) develops and is transmitted by H. truncatum (experiments by Dr. S. F. Barnett and Mr. K. P. Bailey). Inasmuch as im mature stages do not normally feed on bovines, transmission in nature is rare.