TRANSPOSED. Lorenzo, repress thou pride; nor hope thou to find a friend, only in him who has already found a friend in thee. TRUE GREATNESS.-POPE. Who noble ends by noble means obtains, That man is great indeed, let him to reign like unto good Aurelius, or let him to bleed like unto Socrates, who obtains noble ends by noble means; or that man is great indeed, who, failing to obtain noble ends by noble means, smiles in exile or in chains. INVOCATION.-POLLOK. Eternal Spirit! God of truth! to whom All things seem as they are, inspire my song; TRANSPOSED. Eternal Spirit! God of truth! to whom all things seem to be as they really are, inspire thou my song; and unscale thou my eyes teach thou to me the thing which is substance; and teach thou to me the thing which is shadow, while I sing of things which are to come, as one sings of things which are past rehearsing. Grant thou to me thought and phraseology which shall severely sift out the whole idea. THE VOYAGE of Life. How few, favoured by ev'ry element, With swelling sails make good the promised port, TRANSPOSED. How few persons, favoured by every element, safely make the promised port with swelling sails, and with all their wishes freighted! Yet even these few persons who do safely make the promised port with all their wishes freighted, soon complain. Though they are free from misfortunes, yet (though and yet, corresponding conjunctions, form only one connexion) they are not free from the course of nature, for they still are men; and when is man secure? Time is as fatal to him, as a storm is to the mariner. The rush of years beats down their strength; (that is, the strength of these few ;) and their numberless escapes end in ruin and then their proud success only plants new terrours on the victor's brow. What pain it is to them to quit the world, just as they have made it to be their own world; when their nests are built so high, and when they are downed so deeply! They who build beneath the stars, build too low for their own safety. : REFLECTIONS ON A SKULL.-LORD BYRON. And passion's host, that never brooked control. Remove thou yonder skull out from the scattered heaps. Is that a temple, where a God may dwell? Why, even the worm at last disdains her shattered cell! Look thou on its broken arch, and look thou on its ruined wall, and on its desolate chambers, and on its foul portals :-yes, this skull was once ambition's airy hall; (it was) the dome of thought, the palace of the soul. Behold thou, through each lack-lustre, eyeless hole, the gay recess of wisdom and of wit, and passion's host, which never brooked control. Can all the works which saints, or sages, or sophists have ever written, repeople this lonely tower, or can they refit this tenement ? For your future exercises in parsing, you may select pieces from the English Reader, or any other grammatical work. have already hinted, that parsing in poetry, as it brings more immediately into requisition the reasoning faculties, than parsing in prose, will necessarily tend more rapidly to facilitate your progress: therefore it is advisable that your future exercises in this way, be chiefly confined to the analysis of poetry. Previous to your attempting to parse a piece of poetry, you ought always to transpose it, in a manner similar to the examples just presented; and then it can be as easily analyzed as prose. Before you proceed to correct the following exercises in false syntax, you may turn back and read over the whole thirteen lectures, unless you have the subject-matter already stored in your mind. LECTURE XIV. OF DERIVATION. At the commencement of lecture II. I informed you that Ety mology treats, 3dly, of derivation. This branch of Etymology, important as it is, cannot be very extensively treated in an elementary work on grammar. In the course of the preceding lectures, it has been frequently agitated; and now I shall offer a few more remarks, which will doubtless be useful in illustrating some of the various methods in which one word is derived from another. Before you proceed, however, please to turn back and read again what is advanced on this subject on page 27, and in the PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES. 1. Nouns are derived from verbs. 2. Verbs are derived from nouns, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs. 3. Adjectives are derived from nouns. 4. Nouns are derived from adjectives. 5. Adverbs are derived from adjectives. "to love," 1. Nouns are derived from verbs; as, from comes "lover;" from "to visit, visiter;" from "to survive, surviver," &c. In the following instances, and in many others, it is difficult to determine whether the verb was deduced from the noun, or the noun from the verb, viz. "Love, to love; hate, to hate; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep; walk, to walk; ride, to ride; act, to act," &c. 2. Verbs are derived from nouns, adjectives, and sometimes fron adverbs; as, from the noun salt, comes to salt;" from the ad jective warm, "to warm ;" and from the adverb forward, "to forward." Sometimes they are formed by lengthening the vowel, or softening the consonant; as, from "grass, to graze ;” sometimes by adding en; as, from "length, to lengthen ;" espe cially to adjectives; as, from "short, to shorten; bright, to brighten." 3. Adjectivos are derived from nouns in the following manner: adjectives denoting plenty are derived from nouns by adding y; as, from "Health, healthy; wealth, wealthy; might, mighty," &c. Adjectives denoting the matter out of which any thing is made, are derived from nouns by adding en; as, from "Oak, oaken ; wood, wooden; wool, woollen," &c. Adjectives denoting abundance are derived from nouns by adding ful; as, from "Joy, joyful; sin, sinful; fruit, fruitful," &c. Adjectives denoting plenty, but with some kind of diminution, are derived from nouns by adding some; as, from "Light, lightsome; trouble, troublesome; toil, toilsome," &c. Adjectives denoting want are derived from nouns by adding less; as, from "Worth, worthless ;" from "care, careless; joy, joyless," &c. Adjectives denoting likeness are derived from nouns by add ing ly; as, from "Man, manly; earth, earthly; court, court ly," &c. Some adjectives are derived from other adjectives, or from nouns by adding ish to them; which termination when added to adjectives, imports diminution, or lessening the quality; as, "White, whitish ;" i. e. somewhat white. When added to nouns, it signifies similitude or tendency to a character; as, 'Child, childish; thief, thievish." Some adjectives are formed from nouns or verbs by adding the termination able; and those adjectives signify capacity; as, Answer, answerable; to change, changeable." 66 4. Nouns are derived from adjectives, sometimes by adding the termination ness; as, 66 White, whiteness; swift, swiftness;" sometimes by adding th or t, and making a small change in some of the letters; as, "Long, length; high, height." 5. Adverbs of quality are derived from adjectives, by adding ly, or changing le into ly; and denote the same quality as the adjectives from which they are derived; as, from "base," comes "basely;" from "slow, slowly;" from "able, ably." There are so many other ways of deriving words from one anotner, that it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to enumerate them. The primitive words of every language are very few; the derivatives form much the greater number. few more instances only can be given here. A Some nouns are derived from other nouns, by adding the terminations hood or head, ship, ery, wick, rick, dom, ian, ment, and age. Nouns ending in hood or head, are such as signify character or qualities; as, "Manhood, knighthood, falsehood," &c. Nouns ending in ship, are those that signify office, employment, state, or condition; as, "Lordship, stewardship, partnership," &c. Some nouns in ship are derived from adjectives, as, "Hard, hardship," &c. Nouns which end in ery, signify action or habit; as, "Slavery foolery, prudery," &c. Some nouns of this sort come fron adjectives; as, "Brave, bravery," &c. Nouns ending in wick, rick, and dom, denote dominion jurisdiction, or condition; as, "Bailiwick, bishoprick, kingdom dukedom, freedom," &c. Nouns which end in ian, are those that signify profession; as, "Physician, musician," &c. Those that end in ment and age, come generally from the French, and commonly signify the act or habit; as, "Commandment," 66 usage." Some nouns ending in ard, are derived from verbs or adjectives, and denote character or habit; as, Drunk, drunkard; dote, dotard." Some nouns have the form of diminutives; but these are not many. They are formed by adding the terminations kin, ling, ing, ock, el, and the like; as, "Lamb, lambkin; goose, gosling; duck, duckling; hill, hillock; cock, cockerel," &c. OF PREPOSITIONS USED AS PREFIXES. I shall conclude this lecture by presenting and explaining a list of Latin and Greek prepositions which are extensively used in English as prefixes. By carefully studying their signification, you will be better qualified to understand the meaning of those words into the composition of which they enter, and of which they form a material part. I. LATIN PREFIXES. A, ab, abs-signify from or away; as, a-vert, to turn from; ab-ject, to throw away; abs-tract, to draw away. Ad-to or at; as, ad-here, to stick to; ad-mire, to wonder at. Ante-means before; as, ante-cedent, going before. Circum-signifies round, about; as, circum-navigate, to sail round. Con, com, co, col-together; as, con-join, to join together; com-press, to press together; co-operate, to work together; col-lapse, to fall together. Contra-against; as, contra-dict, to speak against. De-from, down; as, de-duct, to take from; de-scend, to go down. Di, diasunde", away; as, di-lacerate, to téar aqunder; dis-miss, to send away. |