Water Quality Impacts from Blending Multiple Water Types, Volume 2"This project has examined the impacts of blending waters from varied sources on drinking water quality and the distribution network, with the subsequent development of a tool for predicting the properties and effects of final blended waters ... The final product of the research is a computer model that will enable water managers to estimate the potential effects of any blending strategy currently employed or under consideration. " -- Executive summary. |
Contents
INTRODUCTION | 1 |
LITERATURE REVIEW AND UTILITY DATA | 23 |
BENCH TOP BLENDING TRIALS | 55 |
PIPE LOOP STUDIES | 83 |
DATA INTERPRETATION | 111 |
TOOL DEVELOPMENT | 221 |
CONCLUSIONS ADVICE TO UTILITIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH | 243 |
Common terms and phrases
Alkalinity mg/L Average values AWWA AWWARF bench top blending bitumen lined blend ratio blended water blending of waters blending scenarios calcite saturation indices calcium carbonate calculated cement mortar lined changes in water Chellow Heights chloraminated chlorine mg/L concentration Conductivity uS/cm corrosion dissolved Dissolved Inorganic Carbon distribution system ductile iron effects of blending free chlorine groundwater GW:R GW:UR hard water Hardness mg/L individual waters inorganic carbon Investigation iron pipe law of mixtures Linear mass balance mg/L CaCO3 mg/L HCO3 Mill Brow Mississippi River mortar lined pipe multiple water nitrate North West Water old pipes pipe loop studies Pipe Pipe Pipe R:UR ratio in Trial Reservoir Water Results of Pipe samples shown in Figure source waters spreadsheet stagnated sulfate surface water temperature THM formation potential top blending trials total chlorine Trial 1A Turbidity NTU Variation in pH Water Blends water chemistry Water Quality Modeling water sources weekend blend Yorkshire Water