"Mary has been intelligent." "The boys will have been dutiful."

"Their estate was small.”

"Washington was patriotic." "Columbus was enterprising." 66 My wife's mother is sick."

XV. OF THE ADVERB.

Q. When I say, "The bird flies swiftly," I do not mean by swiftly to de cribe bird: what does swiftly describe?

226. The manner of flying.

Q. To what part of speech is swiftly joined in the phrase, "The bird flies swiftly"?

227. To the verb flies.

Q. What does the word adverb signify?

228. Joined to a verb.

Q. What, then, shall we call all such words as swiftly?

229. ADVERBS.

Q. "John runs very swiftly." Which word here describes or shows how swiftly John runs ?

230. Very.

Q. What is the word very called, and all such words as qualify or describe adverbs ?

231. Adverbs.

Q. "Industrious, more mdustrious, most industrious." What are more and most called here, and why?

232. Adverbs, because they describe or qualify adjectives.

Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be a proper definition of adverbs?

233. Adverbs are words joined to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to qualify or describe them.

Q. "John visits me often, but Thomas oftener." In this example, we see that adverbs may be compared: will you, therefore, compare soon? 234. "Soon, sooner, soonest."

Q. Will you compare wisely?

66

235. Wisely, more wisely, most wisely."

Q. How do adverbs ending in ly appear to be compared ?

236. By the adverbs more and most.

Q. Will you in this manner compare admirably? foolishly?

Q. Many adverbs are compared like adjectives of one syllable, as soon above; but there is a very considerable number, the comparison of which is not regulated by any general rule. The following list embraces adverbs variously compared: will you repeat the comparative and superlative of each, as I name the positive?

237.

Comparative.
oftener,
more,
better,

Superlative.
oftenest.
most.
best.

LEE

Positive.
Often,
Much,
Well,
Soon,
Justly,
Wisely,
Justly,
Badly, or ill,

sooner,

more justly,
more wisely,
less justly,

worse,

soonest.

most justly. most wisely, least justly.

worst

238. Note.-Adverhs, though very numerous, may nevertheless be reduced to a few classes. You will now read with attention the following list, and I will then ask you some questions respecting each class.

1. Of number: as, "Once, twice, thrice," &c.

2. Of order: as, "First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally," &c. 3. Of place: as, "Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere herein, whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, forward, backward, whence hence, thence, whithersoever," &c

4. Of time.

Of time present: as, " Now, to-day," &c

Of time past: as, "Already, before, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto, long since, long ago," &c

Of time to come: as, "To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, immediately, straightways," &c.

Of time indefinite: as, "Oft, often, ofttimes, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again," &c.

5. Of quantity: as, "Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough, abundantly," &c.

6. Of manner or quality: as, "Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly," &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as, "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably; admirable, admirably."

7. Of doubt: as, "Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance."

8. Of affirmation: as, "Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes surely, indeed, really," &c.

9. Of negation: as, "Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c. 10. Of interrogation: as, " How, why, wherefore, whether," &c.

11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, verTM, almost, little, alike," &c.

When a preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its applieation as when we say, "He rides about;" "He was near falling ;""But do not after lay the blame on me."

There are also some adverbs, which are composed of nouns, and the letter a used instead of at, on, &c. : as, " Aside, athirst, afoot, ahead, asleep, aboard, ashore, abed, aground, afloat."

Q. Will you name two adverbs of number? two of order? two of place? two of time present? two of time past? two of time to come? two of time indefinite? two of quantity? two of manner or quality? two of doubt? two of affirmation? two of negation? two of interrogation? two of comparison? Q. Adjectives describe as well as adverbs: how, then, can you tell one from the other?

239. Adjectives describe nouns, but adverbs describe Dr qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. This fact should be remembered; you shall, therefore, have it in the form of a rule will you repeat it?

AULE IX.

Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. From bad we form the adverb badly: how, then, may a large class o

adverbs be formed?

240. By adding ly to adjectives.

Q. Will you in this manner form an adverb from wise? from great? from sinful?

EXERCISES IN PARSING

"The bird sings sweetly."

241. Sweetly is an ADVERB, a word used to qualify a verb, adjective, or other adverb; in this example it qualifies the verb sings, agreeably to

RULE IX. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Sings, bird and the are parsed as before.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

Adverbs qualifying verbs.

"The soldiers marched slowly."

66

They will return soon."

"The girls sing delightfully." "The boys write admirably." "Susan dances elegantly."

"Henry improves rapidly."

Adverbs qualifying adjectives.

"He was very attentive."
"John is quite busy."
"William is really studious."

"James is more studious." "Walter is most studious." "Ellen is less happy."

Adverbs qualifying verbs and other adverbs.

You learn grammar very

well."

"The boys write too fast."
"He will come much oftener."

"James writes most elegantly." "I will assist you most cheer fully."

Q. To say, "The cider is-cellar," would make no sense: can you inform me what would make sense?

242. "The cider is in the cellar."

Q. By placing the little word in after cider is, and before cellar, the sen tence is rendered complete: what office, then, does in perform?

243. It connects words, and thereby shows the relation between them.

Q. What does the word p position mean?

244. Placed before.

Q. What, then, may those words like in be called, as they are placed before other words to connect them with words preceding?

245. PREPOSITIONS.

Q. What, then, are prepositions?

246. Prepositions are words used to connect words, and thereby show the relation between them.

247. List of the principal Prepositions.

according to

before notwithstanding through

Q. Will you mention the prepositions beginning with a? with b? c? di e?f? i?n?o?r? t? u? w?

without

Q. Will you now repeat all the prepositions?

Q. Do we say, "He works for 1," or, " He works for me"?
Q. In what case is me? (127.)

Q. What case, then, follows prepositions ?

248. The objective case.

Q. This fact is of sufficient importance to constitute a rule: will yo therefore, repeat

RULE X.

Prepositions govern the objective case.

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"John found his hat in the road."

249. In is a PREPOSITION, a word used to connect words, and show the relation between them; it here shows the relation between hat and road.

Road is a NOUN; it is a name- -COMMON; it is a general name-NEUTER GENDER; it is neither male nor femaleTHIRD PERSON; it is spoken of SINGULAR NUMBER; it means but one-OBJECTIVE CASE; it is the object of the relation denoted by the preposition in, and governed by it according to

RULE X. Prepositions govern the objective case.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

"John ran through the house "I will search the house dilı

into the garden.”

"We have deceived him to our
sorrow."

"We came in season."
"You study grammar for your

improvement in language." "From virtue to vice the prog

ress is gradual." "They travelled into France through Italy."

"He lives within his income." "Without the aid of charity, he lived very comfortably by his industry."

gently for him."

"We might learn the lesson before them."

"According to my impression,

he is in fault.” "Not withstanding his poverty

he was the delight of his acquaintances."

"On all occasions she behaved with propriety."

"Of his talents we might say
much."

"We
may expect a calm after
a storm."

XVII. OF THE CONJUNCTION.

Q. When I say, " John-his book," the sense, you perceive, is incom plete. Can you put a word into the blank which will complete the sense? 250 "John reads his book."

*The remaining words are parsed as before.

Q. Can you inform me what the foregoing expression is called? 251. A sentence.

Q. What, then, is a sentence?

252. A collection of words, forming a complete sense. Q. "Life is short." This expression is called a sentence: can you tell me what kind, and why?

253. It is a simple sentence, because it makes sense, and has but one nominative and one verb.

Q: What does the term compound mean?

254. It means composed of two or more things.

Q. "Life is short, and art is long." This sentence is made up of two sim pie sentences: what, therefore, may it be called?

255. A compound sentence.

Q. What, then, is a compound sentence?

256. A compound sentence contains two or more simple sentences connected together.

Q. What does the term conjunction signify? 257. Union, or joining together.

Q. In the compound sentence, "John writes, and William learns," the simple sentences are joined together by the word and: what word, then, may and be called?

258. A CONJUNCTION.

Q. "The king and queen are an amiable pair." In this sentence, words and not sentences are connected by and: can you point out the words so connected?

259. King and queen.

Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be the use of the conjunction?

260. A conjunction is used to connect words and sentences together.

Q. When I say, "Five and four are nine," what do I mean?

261. Five added to four make nine.

Q. What, then, is implied by and?

262. Addition.

Q. When I say, "I will go, if you will accompany me," what does the conjunction if imply?

263. Condition or supposition.

Q. What does the word copulative mean?

264. Uniting, joining, or linking together.

Q. And, if, &c. are called copulative conjunctions: can you tell me why? 265. Because a copulative conjunction connects or continues a sentence by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, &c.

Q. The following are the principal conjunctions of this class: will you repeat them?

266. "And, both, because, besides, for, if, provided, since, then, that, therefore, wherefore."

Q. When I say, "James and John will come," I mean both will come; out when I say, "James or John will come," what do I mean?

267. That either James or John, one of them, will

come.